Effect of Fillers and Processing Parameters on the Shrinkage of Injected Molding Polyamide 66

Radini, Fitri Ayu; Ghozali, Muhammad; Ujianto, Onny; Haryono, Agus

doi:10.18178/ijmmm.2019.7.4.452

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Where, A, B, and C represent load, sliding velocity and sliding distance. Consequently, the response (i.e., minimum COF and SWR for GFRPA66 30 wt.% and GFRPA66 35 wt.% was calculated using Equations (3)–(6), respectively) [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 50 ]. (COF)GFRPA66 30 wt.% = +0.2866 + 0.0127 A+0.0196 B + 0.0130 C + 0.0238 AC + 0.0105 A 2 + 0.0105 B 2 − 0.0124 C 2 (COF)GFRPA66 35 wt.% = +0.2646 + 0.0613 A + 0.0524 B+0.0916 C + 0.0687AC + 0.0639B 2 − 0.0249 C 2 (SWR)GFRPA66 30 wt.% = +0.0142 − 0.0014 A + 0.0003 B − 0.0011 C − 0.0000 AB + 0.0000 C 2 (SWR)GFRPA6635 wt.% = +0.0186 − 0.0049B − 0.0056C + 0.0216 AB − 0.0205 AC − 0.0152BC + 0.0252 B 2 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To optimize the process variables for tribological performance, the central composite design (CCD) is used, and the results of the experiments are scientifically tabulated. The influence of process parameters of polyamide with varying weight percentages are identified and also the number of trials is reduced via RSM to improve the tribological performance [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Also, several related studies on the optimization of process variables using the RSM approach for improving the tribological performance in polyamide has been studied and adopted for the present work [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response Surface Methodology Based Optimization of Test Parameter in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 66 for Dry Sliding, Tribological Performance

Jagadeesan¹,

Selvaraj

Santhosh

et al. 2022

Materials

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The tribological performance of a glass fiber reinforced polyamide66 (GFRPA66) composite with varying fiber weight percentage (wt.%) [30 wt.% and 35 wt.%] is investigated in this study using a pin-on-disc tribometer. GFRPA66 composite specimens in the form of pins with varying percentages of fiber viz., 30 wt.% and 35 wt.% are fabricated by an injection molding process. Tribological performances, such as coefficient of friction (COF) and the specific wear rate (SWR), are investigated. The factors affecting the wear of GFRPA66 composites [with 30 wt.% and 35 wt.% reinforcements] are identified based on the process parameters such as load, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Design Expert 13.0 software is used for the experimental data analysis, based on the design of experiments planned in accordance with the central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. The significance of the obtained results are analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques. To attain minimum SWR and COF, the wear performance is optimized in dry sliding conditions. The analysis of experimental data revealed that SWR and COF increased with increasing load, sliding velocity, and sliding distance for GFRPA66 [30 wt.%], but decreased with increasing polyamide weight percentage. The SWR for a maximum load of 80 N, and for a sliding velocity of 0.22 m/s, and a sliding distance of 3500 m for GFRPA66 composite specimens with 30 wt.% reinforcements are found to be 0.0121 m3/Nm, while the SWR for the same set of parameters for GFRPA66 composite specimens with 35 wt.% reinforcements are found to be 0.0102 m3/Nm. The COF for the GFRPA66 composite specimens with 30 wt.% reinforcements for the above set of parameters is found to be 0.37, while the GFRPA66 composite specimens with 35 wt.% reinforcements showed significant improvement in wear performance with a reduction in COF to 0.25. Finally, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the worn surfaces of the GFRPA66 are examined and interpreted.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response Surface Methodology Based Optimization of Test Parameter in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 66 for Dry Sliding, Tribological Performance

Jagadeesan¹,

Selvaraj

Santhosh

et al. 2022

Materials

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“…Graphs were also drawn between the onset temperature of crystallisation and transverse mould direction shrinkage, with no statistically significant relationship being observed for the PP system. It has previously been reported that additives in semicrystalline polymers can effect shrinkage differently in the flow and crossflow direction [14,44,45]. Pulkerd et al reported that the outer skin layer of the injection moulded parts containing nucleating agents show orientation of crystals along the flow direction (MD) [46].…”

Section: Correlation Between Shrinkage and Onset Crystallisation Temp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of masterbatch pigments on the crystallisation, morphology, and shrinkage behaviour of Isotactic Polypropylene

et al. 2022

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Variations in mould shrinkage when using organic and inorganic pigments in semicrystalline polymers is a well-known phenomenon within industry. These differences in mould shrinkage are thought to be caused by the presence of the pigments acting as nucleating agents, altering the crystallisation of semicrystalline polymers. These shrinkage variations can give rise to problems in obtaining the correct interference fit between parts and can cause issues in automated equipment such as filling lines. It has been previously reported that the onset temperature of crystallisation measured via DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) can be used to predict shrinkage when a variety of neat pigments are added to un-nucleated PP (polypropylene). However, the shrinkage and crystallisation behaviour of masterbatch pigments, which are widely used industrially is poorly understood. To better understand the influence of masterbatch pigments on crystallisation and shrinkage behaviour, injection moulded samples were prepared using variety of reds, whites, and purple commercial-masterbatch pigments with PP. The crystallisation kinetics and crystallinity were studied using DSC, LPOM (Linkam hot stage polarising optical microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The morphology was investigated via LPOM and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). A clear correlation was observed between the crystallisation onset temperature measured using DSC and the recorded shrinkage. A strong relationship was also observed between the percentage crystallinity measured using FTIR and shrinkage. Quinacridone and pyrrole based red and purple pigments were found to act as strong nucleating agents, with the pyrrole based red pigment also acting as β nucleator in PP. The white pigments were found to have less influence on the nucleation behaviour. For the pigments which induced the largest variation in shrinkage, a higher rate of nucleation and proportionally smaller spherulitic diameter was observed by DSC, SEM, and LPOM.

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Injection Molding Study on the Strength of Weld Line for Polycarbonate and Carbon Fiber Composite Material

Chung¹,

Yeh

Lin

2020

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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In this study the polycarbonate (PC) and carbon fiber (CF) are used as the experimental materials to investigate the impact of injection molding process parameters on tensile strength of weld line using Taguchi method and response surface methodology. The experiments are conducted via 27 sets of parameter combinations designed based on carbon fiber content, melt temperature, mold temperature, injection speed, injection pressure, packing speed, and packing pressure. The process parameter combination with the highest tensile strength is identified using Taguchi method. Later on, the response surface methodology is used to establish the tensile strength predicting formula formed by process parameters in order to understand the correlation between process parameters and tensile strength. The experimental and analysis results indicate the melt temperature and mold temperature have the most significant impacts on tensile strength.

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Effect of Fillers and Processing Parameters on the Shrinkage of Injected Molding Polyamide 66

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Response Surface Methodology Based Optimization of Test Parameter in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 66 for Dry Sliding, Tribological Performance

Response Surface Methodology Based Optimization of Test Parameter in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 66 for Dry Sliding, Tribological Performance

The effect of masterbatch pigments on the crystallisation, morphology, and shrinkage behaviour of Isotactic Polypropylene

Injection Molding Study on the Strength of Weld Line for Polycarbonate and Carbon Fiber Composite Material

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