Effect of firing conditions, filler grain size and quartz content on bending strength and physical properties of sanitaryware porcelain

Stathis, George; Ekonomakou, A.; Stournaras, C.J.; Ftikos, Ch.

doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2003.07.003

Cited by 127 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The raw flexural strength is important during industrial production because it allows to avoid abrupt brakeage due to handling and fissuring during the drying cycle caused by moisture gradients. For these reasons, high raw mechanical strength means reducing scraps and thus improving productivity [30,31]. Instead, the fired flexural resistance, according to standards EN 14688, EN 14528 and EN 997, is important because it guarantees safety condition during the product life cycle.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sanitser, an innovative sanitary ware body, formulated with waste glass and recycled materials

Martini

Fortuna

et al. 2017

Cerâmica

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In the present paper, the results of "Sanitser" Life European project are presented. The aim of this study was to reduce the firing temperature for ceramic body (from 1250 to 1170 °C). This was achieved substituting feldspar and quartz with recycled blend materials and a little percentage of flux (less than 3%); in a sanitary ware vitreous china formulation a waste glass, granitic materials and fired broken ceramic pieces were introduced. Tests performed on the Sanitser formulation showed that it has the same final physical-chemical characteristics of the industrial vitreous china (VC) body. Besides, different ceramic pieces (wash basin, bidet and WC pan) were compared with VC production. The results showed that Sanitser body can replace vitreous china in the sanitary ware production. In this project, the firing temperature of the ceramic body is reduced significantly with a supposed decrease of the CO 2 emissions. In Sanitser formulation, about 43.6% of recycled materials that would end in dumps were utilized. Keywords: waste glass ceramic, porcelain, slip casting, thermal application. Resumo Neste artigo são apresentados os resultados do projeto europeu LIFE "Sanitser". Este trabalho teve como objetivo reduzir a temperatura de queima da massa cerâmica (de 1250 para 1170 °C). Isto foi obtido substituindo a mistura de feldspato e quartzo por materiais reciclados e uma pequena percentagem de fundente (menos do que 3%); em uma formulação de massa de sanitário vitrificado foram introduzidos resíduos de vidro, granito e materiais cerâmicos quebrados após queima. Os testes realizados mostraram que a formulação Sanitser apresenta as mesmas propriedades físicas e químicas da cerâmica vitrificada (VC

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sanitser, an innovative sanitary ware body, formulated with waste glass and recycled materials

Martini

Fortuna

et al. 2017

Cerâmica

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“…Several researchers have not found a clear relationship between mullite content and bending strength (72,73,74). De Noni et al (84) in a study on the influence of composition on mechanical behaviour of porcelain tile showed that mullite significantly worsen the fracture energy, which invalidates the mullite hypothesis as a mechanism to strengthen the porcelain tile.…”

Section: Mullitementioning

confidence: 99%

Relation between the microstructure and technological properties of porcelain stoneware. A review

Romero¹,

Perez²

2015

Mater. construcc.

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Porcelain stoneware is a strongly sintered ceramic material fabricated from ball clays-quartzfeldspar mixtures. Porcelain stoneware is characterized by its excellent technical and functional properties (low water absorption, high mechanical properties, resistant to chemical substances and cleaning agents, aesthetic possibilities …). These characteristic and technical features make that among the different types of ceramic tile, porcelain stoneware is the ceramic product that in the last years has best withstood the economic crisis in the construction sector. These properties are related to the microstructure of porcelain stoneware, which is a grain and bond type with large particles of filler (quartz), mullite crystals, a silica-rich amorphous phase and porosity. The understanding of the relationship between the microstructure and the properties of porcelain stoneware is hardly important for the development and design of these materials whose tendency is the manufacture of thinner tiles with higher dimensions but must continue to comply the specific technical requirements. RESUMEN:Relación entre la microestructura y las propiedades tecnológicas en gres porcelánico. Revisión bibliográfica. El gres porcelánico es un material sinterizado fabricado a partir de una mezcla de arcillas, cuarzo y feldespato. Tecnológicamente, el gres porcelánico se caracteriza por sus excelentes características técnicas y funcionales (baja absorción de agua, buenas propiedades mecánicas, resistente a substancias químicas, posibilidades estéticas…). Estas cualidades han propiciado que, entre los diferentes tipos de baldosa cerámica, es el gres porcelánico el producto que mejor ha resistido la crisis económica sufrida por el Sector de la Construcción. Las propiedades tecnológicas están relacionadas con su microestructura, compuesta de partículas de cuarzo, cristales de mullita, fase amorfa y porosidad. El conocimiento de la relación entre la microestructura y las propiedades tecnológicas del gres porcelánico es de gran importancia para avanzar en el diseño y desarrollo de estos materiales, cuya tendencia es la fabricación de piezas de mayor formato y menor espesor pero que deben seguir cumpliendo con los requerimientos especificados para su aplicación.

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“…The process of one-dimensional crystallization is more favorable to the formation of needle-shaped mullite. In addition, one of the oldest theories on the strength of porcelain, the mullite hypothesis [44,45], suggests that porcelain strength depends on the interlocking of fine mullite needles. Furthermore, fibrous mullite distributed in the glass matrix grows a three-dimensional network, which can lead to significantly increased resistance to pyroplastic deformation [46].…”

Section: Mechanism and Kinetic Parameters Of Sintercrystallizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of polishing waste additive on microstructure and foaming property of porcelain tile and kinetics of sinter-crystallization

Xian

Zeng

Cheng

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Ceramic tiles were manufactured from an industrial powder batch of porcelain stoneware tiles with 0, 10, 30 and 50 mass% polishing waste and fired at 1100-1180°C. The phase evolution and microstructure of ceramic tiles with the polishing waste were investigated by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscope. The result showed that introduction of the polishing waste into porcelain tiles did not cause significant variations in the phase composition and facilitated the formation of mullite phase. The activation energies of mullite crystallization calculated by the Kissinger method were 780 ± 43, 828 ± 61, 493 ± 18 and 530 ± 30 kJ mol -1 for the porcelain tiles with 0, 10, 30 and 50 mass% polishing waste, respectively. In addition, the Avrami constant, n, gradually decreased with the increasing polishing waste content, indicating that the crystallization mechanism of mullite in porcelain stoneware tiles changed from two-dimensional crystallization to onedimensional crystallization. The process of one-dimensional crystallization is more favorable to the formation of needle-shaped mullite and increases the length of mullite.

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Effect of firing conditions, filler grain size and quartz content on bending strength and physical properties of sanitaryware porcelain

Cited by 127 publications

References 13 publications

Sanitser, an innovative sanitary ware body, formulated with waste glass and recycled materials

Sanitser, an innovative sanitary ware body, formulated with waste glass and recycled materials

Relation between the microstructure and technological properties of porcelain stoneware. A review

Effect of polishing waste additive on microstructure and foaming property of porcelain tile and kinetics of sinter-crystallization

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