Effect of Germinated Soybean Protein Hydrolysates on Adipogenesis and Adipolysis in 3T3-L1 Cells

Abstract

Germination of soybeans increases the bioavailability of some nutrients. An evaluation was done to determine if germination increased the anti-adipogenic and lipolytic effects of soybean. Soybeans were germinated for 0 to 6 days and protein concentrates extracted from beans germinated at each period. Soy protein concentrates can retain notable amounts of phytochemicals with anti-adipogenic activity. For this reason, it was evaluated the effect of protein hydrolysates with and without phytochemicals in the adipocyte-like cells after 3T3-L1 (murine fibroblasts) cell line differentiation. Cell viability decreased with exposure to the germinated soybean protein hydrolysates during the differentiation stage, but not during the fibroblast or mature adipocyte stages. Adipogenesis and triglycerides accumulation were strongly inhibited by the hydrolysate from soybeans germinated for 2 days (with ethanol-soluble phytochemicals), when compared to ungerminated soybean. Adipolysis increased with exposure to hydrolysates from beans germinated for 2 days (with phytochemicals) and 5 days (without phytochemicals). Germinated soy protein hydrolysates had an effect on inhibition of lipid storage in adypocites and increasing lipolysis, which was improved by changes of the protein and increased phytochemical content due to germination.

Profile analysis and correlation across phenolic compounds, isoflavones and antioxidant capacity during germination of soybeans (Glycine max L.)

“…Germination was performed according to the method described by González-Espinoza et al (2011) with some modifications. Soybean seeds were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (0.05%) for 10 min and thoroughly rinsed with water to remove residual disinfectant.…”

“…Subsequently, the seeds were placed in plastic trays and wetted to saturation. The trays were placed in a germination chamber (Ambi-Hi-Lo Chamber, Lab-line Instruments Inc., Melrose Park, IL, USA) at 27 ± 1°C in the dark (González-Espinoza et al, 2011;Robles-Ramírez et al, 2012). Seeds were disinfected again after 24 h with sodium hypochlorite (0.05%).…”

Egg and Soy-Derived Peptides and Hydrolysates: A Review of Their Physiological Actions against Diabetes and Obesity

“…Several groups have used the whole hydrolysate instead of individual peptides when studying their effects [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. In those cases, effects cannot be attributed to a specific peptide, because the enzymatic hydrolysis can generate a myriad bioactive peptides, raising the possibility that the effect observed could be due to a combination of numerous peptides presented in the hydrolysate.…”

“…It is worth mentioning that some of the enzymes used in hydrolysate production are not naturally produced by the human body, such as thermoase [ 20 ], flavourzyme [ 8 , 19 ] and neutrase [ 19 ], which means the peptides produced may not replicate those generated by the natural digestion process in the human body. Even though some studies used enzymes that are naturally produced in humans, such as pepsin and pancreatin [ 7 , 11 , 15 , 17 ] there is also no guarantee that the desired peptides would be produced or stable after further gastrointestinal digestion.…”

“…It is believed that this SH stimulated pre-adipocyte differentiation through PPAR-γ activation, although the SH did not present PPAR- γ ligand activity [ 16 ]. Interestingly, a study found that compared to pepsin + pancreatin-prepared SH from ungerminated soybeans, using germinated soybean hydrolysate reduced the number of adipocytes during the differentiation process and increased lipolysis in mature adipocytes, which could lead to less fat accumulation [ 17 ].…”