Effect of glutamine on heat-shock protein beta 1 (HSPB1) expression during myogenic differentiation in bovine embryonic fibroblast cells

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels under various heat stress (HS) conditions on the growth performance and stress parameters in Korean native beef calves. Male calves (n = 40; initial BW = 202.2 ± 3.31 kg) were randomly assigned to climatic-controlled chambers with 3 × 3 factorial arrangements. Calves were assigned into three dietary protein levels (low protein; LP = 12.5%, medium protein; MP = 15%, and high protein; HP = 17.5%) and three HS levels [mild: temperature-humidity index (THI) = 74 to 76, moderate: THI = 81 to 83, and severe: THI = 89 to 91] with control (threshold: THI = 70 to 73 and dietary protein level 12.5%). The calves were subjected to ambient temperature (22 °C) for 7 days and subsequently to the temperature and humidity corresponding to the target THI level for 21 days. The data were analyzed using the repeated-measures analysis by the GLM procedure of SAS. As a result, average daily gain (ADG) was decreased (P < 0.05) under severe HS level compared to the mild and moderate HS stress levels. However, HP increased ADG (P < 0.05) than moderate levels (LP) and severe levels (LP and MP). Under different HS levels (mild, moderate, and severe), HR, RT, and blood cortisol were increased (P < 0.05) compared to a threshold level, but no differences were observed in the parameters among various protein levels. Varied HS levels decreased the levels of blood glucose, NEFA, and amino acids (AAs) (lysine and glutamic acid) compared to a threshold (P < 0.05). But, the HP group resulted in increased (P < 0.05) levels of blood glucose, NEFA, and AAs (lysine and glutamic acid) compared to LP and MP groups under severe HS stress. The expression level of the HSP70 gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and hair follicles was increased (P < 0.05) following an increase in moderate and severe HS levels. Also, HSP70 gene expression in the HP group was decreased (P < 0.05) compared with LP and MP groups under intense HS level. Overall, HS in Korean native beef calves exhibited negative effects on ADG, blood glucose, NEFA, and AA profile. However, 17.5% of dietary protein (HP) could compensate for the growth of heat-exposed Korean native beef calves through the regulation of homeostasis by protein and energy metabolism. Also, it was evident that adequate protein (HP) is used as a major nutrient for HSP70 synthesis in PBMC and hair follicles causing, a boost in the immune system of heat-exposed Korean native beef calves.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different protein levels on growth performance and stress parameters in beef calves under heat stress

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

“…In the cattle, lysine is inadequately synthesized in the body; therefore, AA needs to be provided by the diet to fulfill the requirement. In addition, glutamic acid is one of the semiessential AAs in skeletal muscle [52]. Lower lysine and glutamic acid concentration could be related DMI reduction due to HS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Protein Levels on Growth Performance and Stress Parameters in Beef Calves Under Heat Stress

et al. 2021

Preprint

Background: This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels under various heat stress (HS) levels on the growth performance and stress parameters in Korean native beef calves. Forty calves (body weight of 202.2 ± 3.31 kg) were randomly assigned to climatic-controlled chambers with 3×3 factorial arrangements. Treatment groups were three dietary protein levels (low protein; LP = 12.5%, medium protein; MP = 15%, and high protein; HP = 17.5%) and three stress levels (mild: temperature-humidity index (THI) = 74 to 76, moderate: THI = 81 to 83, and severe: THI = 89 to 91) with control (threshold: THI = 70 to 73 and dietary protein level 12.5%). The calves were subjected to ambient temperature (22 °C) for 7 days and subsequently to the temperature and humidity corresponding to the target THI level for 21 days.Results: As a result, average daily gain (ADG) was decreased (P < 0.05) under severe HS level compared to the mild and moderate HS stress levels. However, HP increased ADG (P < 0.05) than moderate levels (LP) and severe levels (LP and MP). Under different HS levels (mild, moderate, and severe), HR, RT, and blood cortisol were increased compared to a threshold level, but no differences were observed in the parameters among various protein levels. Varied HS levels decreased the levels of blood glucose, NEFA, and amino acids (AAs) (lysine and glutamic acid) compared to a threshold (P < 0.05). But, the HP group resulted in increased levels of blood glucose, NEFA, and AAs (lysine and glutamic acid) compared to LP and MP groups under severe HS stress. The expression level of the HSP70 gene (P < 0.05) in PBMC and hair follicles was increased following an increase in moderate and severe HS levels. Also, HSP70 gene expression in the HP group was decreased compared with LP and MP groups under intense HS level.Conclusions: Overall, HS in Korean native beef calves exhibited negative effects on ADG, blood glucose, NEFA, and AA profile. However, 17.5% of dietary protein (HP) could compensate for the growth of heat-exposed Korean native beef calves through the regulation of homeostasis by protein and energy metabolism. Also, it was evident that adequate protein (HP) is used as a major nutrient for HSP70 synthesis in PBMC and hair follicles causing a boost in the immune system of heat-exposed Korean native beef calves.

“…In cattle, lysine is inadequately synthesized in the body; therefore, AA needs to be provided by the diet to fulfill the requirement. In addition, glutamic acid is one of the semi-essential AAs in skeletal muscle 53 . Lower lysine and glutamic acid concentration could be related to DMI reduction due to HS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Protein Levels on Growth Performance and Stress Parameters in Beef Calves Under Heat Stress

et al. 2021

Preprint

This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels under various heat stress (HS) conditions on the growth performance and stress parameters in Korean native beef calves. Male calves (n = 40; initial BW = 202.2 ± 3.31 kg) were randomly assigned to climatic-controlled chambers with 3×3 factorial arrangements. Calves were assigned into three dietary protein levels (low protein; LP = 12.5%, medium protein; MP = 15%, and high protein; HP = 17.5%) and three stress levels (mild: temperature-humidity index (THI) = 74 to 76, moderate: THI = 81 to 83, and severe: THI = 89 to 91) with control (threshold: THI = 70 to 73 and dietary protein level 12.5%). The calves were subjected to ambient temperature (22 °C) for 7 days and subsequently to the temperature and humidity corresponding to the target THI level for 21 days. As a result, average daily gain (ADG) was decreased (P < 0.05) under severe HS level compared to the mild and moderate HS stress levels. However, HP increased ADG (P < 0.05) than moderate levels (LP) and severe levels (LP and MP). Under different HS levels (mild, moderate, and severe), HR, RT, and blood cortisol were increased compared to a threshold level, but no differences were observed in the parameters among various protein levels. Varied HS levels decreased the levels of blood glucose, NEFA, and amino acids (AAs) (lysine and glutamic acid) compared to a threshold (P < 0.05). But, the HP group resulted in increased levels of blood glucose, NEFA, and AAs (lysine and glutamic acid) compared to LP and MP groups under severe HS stress. The expression level of the HSP70 gene (P < 0.05) in PBMC and hair follicles was increased following an increase in moderate and severe HS levels. Also, HSP70 gene expression in the HP group was decreased compared with LP and MP groups under intense HS level. Overall, HS in Korean native beef calves exhibited negative effects on ADG, blood glucose, NEFA, and AA profile. However, 17.5% of dietary protein (HP) could compensate for the growth of heat-exposed Korean native beef calves through the regulation of homeostasis by protein and energy metabolism. Also, it was evident that adequate protein (HP) is used as a major nutrient for HSP70 synthesis in PBMC and hair follicles causing, a boost in the immune system of heat-exposed Korean native beef calves.