Effect of growth conditions on the shape of Bi4Ge3O12 single crystals and on melt flow patterns

Melt viscosity of binary system Bi2O3–GeO2

“…Molar volumes of germanium oxide melt (V Ge m ) and bismuth oxide (V Bi m ) are taken from Ref. [7] and non-additively coefficients ða; a 1 ; a 2 Þ are calculated on data [2].…”

“…Being important scintillations and optical materials on the one hand, and those providing the possibility of large crystal growth on the other hand, the given compounds deserve much attention. However, the single crystals have defects in the form of inclusions [1][2][3].…”

Heat transfer in growing Bi4Ge3O12 crystals under weak convection: II—radiative–conductive heat transfer

“…Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 (BGO) single crystals are grown by Bridgman method [1], Czochralski one [2], and others. Large crystals of rather high quality were obtained by the Low Thermal Gradient Czochralski Technique (LTG Cz method) [3].…”

“…First of all, due to high viscosity of the BGO melt [2,10], natural convection is weak and can be neglected, when a small height of the melt and/or a small temperature gradient are realized during crystal growth. Thus the problem can be taken as the problem of RCT only.…”

Heat transfer in growing Bi4Ge3O12 crystals under weak convection: I—thermophysical properties of bismuth germanate in solid and liquid state

“…By present, instrumentation and procedures for measuring RCT parameters at high temperatures have been developed [7][8][9][10]. Some data on the properties of the BGO single crystal have been obtained [10][11][12]. However, the obtained data are insufficient for complete analysis to be carried out.…”