“…For the 2090 Al–Li alloy, heavy precipitation of T 1 (Al 2 CuLi) in the heat affected zone can ameliorate hardness, and δ′ (Al 3 Li) can be observed in the nugget zone [ 120 ]. [ 121 ] have studied the effect of heat treatments on the microstructure of 2198/2024 aluminum alloys for dissimilar FSW with T3 and T8 heat treatment, they concluded that during welding process; the mechanical characteristics can be enhanced due to the re-precipitation of dissolved T 1 (Al 2 CuLi) and θ (Al 2 Cu), while the heterogeneous nature of the nugget area of the nugget region with Mg element on the border inside joint S1 and S2 ( Fig. 6 , Fig.…”
Section: Manufacturing Processes For Aluminum Lithium Alloysmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 6 Joint aW-T3 microstructure for the cross-welding direction, (a) joint macrograph, (b) retreating side transition, (c) S1 border inside joint, (d) S2 border inside joint, (e) advancing side transition [ 121 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Manufacturing Processes For Aluminum Lithium Alloysmentioning
“…For the 2090 Al–Li alloy, heavy precipitation of T 1 (Al 2 CuLi) in the heat affected zone can ameliorate hardness, and δ′ (Al 3 Li) can be observed in the nugget zone [ 120 ]. [ 121 ] have studied the effect of heat treatments on the microstructure of 2198/2024 aluminum alloys for dissimilar FSW with T3 and T8 heat treatment, they concluded that during welding process; the mechanical characteristics can be enhanced due to the re-precipitation of dissolved T 1 (Al 2 CuLi) and θ (Al 2 Cu), while the heterogeneous nature of the nugget area of the nugget region with Mg element on the border inside joint S1 and S2 ( Fig. 6 , Fig.…”
Section: Manufacturing Processes For Aluminum Lithium Alloysmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 6 Joint aW-T3 microstructure for the cross-welding direction, (a) joint macrograph, (b) retreating side transition, (c) S1 border inside joint, (d) S2 border inside joint, (e) advancing side transition [ 121 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Manufacturing Processes For Aluminum Lithium Alloysmentioning
“…This configuration achieved the lowest weld efficiencies of any of the welds tested in this study, achieving only 74.4% (II weld) and 64.1% (⊥ weld). Based on the literature previously examined in section 6.4.2.2 (Bandhu et al, 2017;Masoumi Khalilabad et al, 2021;Masoumi et al, 2016;Sivaraman et al, 2021;Venkateswara Rao & Senthil Kumar, 2020), the II weld was slightly above the average result of 71.5% for germane dissimilar materials, and the ⊥ weld slightly below. Both are well within the range of results achieved in other research.…”
Section: Tensile Testingmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…The weld efficiency of both dissimilar welds decreased in comparison with the similar welds, with the II weld achieving 78.8% efficiency and the ⊥ weld achieving 72.2%. When considering 6 relevant 7 studies in the literature ( (Bandhu et al, 2017) regarding AA2014-AA6061 welds, regarding AA2024-AA7050 welds, (Venkateswara Rao & Senthil Kumar, 2020) regarding AA6061-AA2014 welds, (Masoumi Khalilabad et al, 2021) regarding AA2198-AA2024 welds, (Masoumi et al, 2016) regarding AA2024-AA2198 welds and (Sivaraman et al, 2021) regarding AA2014-AA2075 welds) it was found that the weld efficiency of germane dissimilar materials varied between 42.9% and 94% for the most successful welds produced, with an average (of the 6 results from literature considered) of 71.5%. The results achieved in this research are therefore consistent with that produced in the wider research community.…”
Section: Tensile Testingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Relevance was judged based on the materials used. The studies examined were(Bandhu et al, 2017) regarding AA2014-AA6061 welds, regarding AA2024-AA7050 welds, (Venkateswara Rao & Senthil Kumar, 2020) regarding AA6061-AA2014 welds,(Masoumi Khalilabad et al, 2021) regarding AA2198-AA2024 welds,(Masoumi, Zedan, Texier, Jahazi, & Bocher, 2016) regarding AA2024-AA2198 welds and(Sivaraman et al, 2021) regarding AA2014-AA2075 welds.…”
Stationary Shoulder Friction Stir Welding (SSFSW) allows joining of materials without the addition of mass and could be a potential solution to expedient helicopter repair in operational theatre. This research considers the suitability for SSFSW of two aluminium alloys commonly used within the Merlin helicopter airframe, AA8090 and BS L165. Techniques including optical microscopy, hardness, tensile and fatigue testing were used to characterise the two alloys and to establish a baseline for comparison with the welded specimens. The welds were performed in four configurations, with each welded both parallel and perpendicularly to the material’s rolling direction. This was in an effort to establish: the alloy’s suitability for SSFSW in both similar and dissimilar welds; the effect of changing the alloy positioned on the advancing side; and the influence of the material rolling direction on the quality of the weld. Techniques similar to those used in the material characterisation were used to determine the quality of each configuration. Encouraging tensile and fatigue strength results were achieved, especially for the similar materials welds with BS L165 welded parallel to the rolling direction achieving over 100% UTS weld efficiency. Inconsistent quality including the presence of kissing bonds was, however, observed. When welding parallel to the rolling direction, stronger welds were produced with BS L165 positioned on the advancing side. The presence of kissing bonds made analysis of those welded perpendicular to the rolling direction inconclusive. The material rolling direction also had an effect on the weld, as demonstrated through differences in weld appearance, degree of mixing of materials and tensile and fatigue test results. Additionally, a relationship between hardness and tensile strength was determined which revealed close correlation between the governing equation and the test results, with only 7% scatter. This will allow for prediction of tensile strength, based on the measured hardness, when the materials are joined using SSFSW.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
