2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111809
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Effect of hexavalent chromium on the environment and removal techniques: A review

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Cited by 230 publications
(78 citation statements)
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References 259 publications
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“…Chromium (Cr) is a natural metal element and most frequently detected in soil, ground water, air, rocks, and living organisms. Chromium and chromium-containing compounds are prevalent, mainly due to their extensive industrial applications, such as electroplating, leather tanning, stainless steel production, water cooling, printing inks, textile dyeing, pigment manufacturing of wood, drilling muds, fireworks, wood preservation, and anti-corrosion and conversion coatings (Ukhurebor et al, 2021). Trivalent chromium [Cr (III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] are the two stable valence states typically found in workplace and environment (Kotas and Stasicka, 2000;Costa, 2003).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chromium (Cr) is a natural metal element and most frequently detected in soil, ground water, air, rocks, and living organisms. Chromium and chromium-containing compounds are prevalent, mainly due to their extensive industrial applications, such as electroplating, leather tanning, stainless steel production, water cooling, printing inks, textile dyeing, pigment manufacturing of wood, drilling muds, fireworks, wood preservation, and anti-corrosion and conversion coatings (Ukhurebor et al, 2021). Trivalent chromium [Cr (III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] are the two stable valence states typically found in workplace and environment (Kotas and Stasicka, 2000;Costa, 2003).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, some types of metals exist in various forms of protonated metal oxides with different interactions with thiomers. Chromium ions are in the form of H 2 CrO 4 at pH<1, H 2 CrO 4 /HCrO 4 − at 1<pH<4, and HCrO 4 − /CrO 4 2− at pH>4 [33] . Arsenic mainly is in the forms of arsenite (H 3 AsO 3 ) and arsenate (H 3 AsO 4 ) in the aqueous medium [34] .…”
Section: Factors Affecting the Metal Adsorption By Thiomersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Climate change has to do with somewhat variation in the climatic conditions over some duration of time resulting from the changes in a natural process and human actions [84,104,105]. Climate change, as reported by the "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), " is a change in the climatic process which is attributed directly or indirectly to the activities of humans, that alters the structure and/or composition of the universal atmosphere and which is in accumulation to the natural variability of the climate observed over the comparable duration of time [48,49].…”
Section: Climate Changementioning
confidence: 99%