“…Chromium (Cr) is a natural metal element and most frequently detected in soil, ground water, air, rocks, and living organisms. Chromium and chromium-containing compounds are prevalent, mainly due to their extensive industrial applications, such as electroplating, leather tanning, stainless steel production, water cooling, printing inks, textile dyeing, pigment manufacturing of wood, drilling muds, fireworks, wood preservation, and anti-corrosion and conversion coatings (Ukhurebor et al, 2021). Trivalent chromium [Cr (III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] are the two stable valence states typically found in workplace and environment (Kotas and Stasicka, 2000;Costa, 2003).…”