Virus
contamination of water is a threat to human health in many
countries. Current solutions for inactivation of viruses mainly rely
on environmentally burdensome chemical oxidation or energy-intensive
ultraviolet irradiation, which may create toxic secondary products.
Here, we show that renewable plant biomass-sourced colloidal lignin
particles (CLPs) can be used as agglomeration agents to facilitate
removal of viruses from water. We used dynamic light scattering (DLS),
electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), atomic force microscopy
and transmission electron microscopy (AFM, TEM), and UV spectrophotometry
to quantify and visualize adherence of cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses
(CCMVs) on CLPs. Our results show that CCMVs form agglomerated complexes
with CLPs that, unlike pristine virus particles, can be easily removed
from water either by filtration or centrifugation. Additionally, cationic
particles formed by adsorption of quaternary amine-modified softwood
kraft lignin on the CLPs were also evaluated to improve the binding
interactions with these anionic viruses. We foresee that due to their
moderate production cost, and high availability of lignin as a side-stream
from biorefineries, CLPs could be an alternative water pretreatment
material in a large variety of systems such as filters, packed columns,
or flocculants.