Effect of ice melting on bacterial carbon fluxes channelled by viruses and protists in the Arctic Ocean

Boras, Julia A.; Sala, M. Montserrat; Arrieta, Jesús M.; Sà, Elisabet L.; Felipe, Jorge; Agustı́, Susana; Duarte, Carlos M.; Vaqué, Dolors

doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0798-8

Cited by 62 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Viral lysates are rich in free and combined amino acids (Middelboe & Jørgensen 2006), and bacterial mineralization of these compounds is associated with the production of ammonium (e.g. Hollibaugh 1978, Haaber & Middelboe 2009, Boras et al 2010. In turn, viral-induced ammonium regeneration resulted in increased growth of phytoplankton, thus implying that viral infection is an important mechanism in N recycling in the sea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-driven nitrogen cycling enhances phytoplankton growth

Shelford¹,

Middelboe²,

Møller³

et al. 2012

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Viruses have been implicated as major players in aquatic nutrient cycling, yet few data exist to quantify their significance. To determine the effect of viruses on ammonium regeneration by bacteria, experiments were carried out in the oligotrophic Indian Ocean and productive False Creek, Vancouver, Canada. Bacteria were concentrated and then diluted with virus-free water to reduce virus abundance, or with virus-replete water to restore natural virus abundances. Virus-replete treatments showed increased ammonium concentrations compared to treatments with viruses removed (differences of 0.287 ± 0.14 and 1.44 ± 0.73 µmol l −1 , mean ± SD, in the Indian Ocean and False Creek, respectively). Bacterial abundances were lower, while phytoplankton abundances and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations were greater in the virus-replete treatments, consistent with the increased availability of ammonium in the presence of viruses. These data demonstrate that viral lysis leads to ammonium production, likely through the liberation of dissolved organic N that is remineralised by uninfected bacteria. In turn, the released ammonium fuels primary production. These results show that viruses play a critical role in the marine N cycle, and suggest that viral lysis likely supplies a significant portion of the global N requirements of phytoplankton.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-driven nitrogen cycling enhances phytoplankton growth

Shelford¹,

Middelboe²,

Møller³

et al. 2012

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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“…90 % of standing stock lysed d −1 vs. 23 % d −1 , whereas grazing by heterotrophic nanoflagellates accounted for about one third of the mortality of the standing stock (W. Weinbauer, personal communication, 2012). The estimated burst size was on average 7 viruses per lysed bacterium cell (estimated from the net loss of HP and net production of viruses), which may seem somewhat low (see review by Parada et al, 2006), but Middelboe et al (2002) have observed similar burst sizes in Arctic water during summer and Boras et al (2010) have reported a burst size of 1-59 viruses per bacterium in north Svalbard during summer. Interestingly, specifically the HDNA HP were affected.…”

Section: Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Arctic microbial community dynamics influenced by elevated CO<sub>2</sub> levels

et al. 2013

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Abstract. The Arctic Ocean ecosystem is particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA) related alterations due to the relatively high CO2 solubility and low carbonate saturation states of its cold surface waters. Thus far, however, there is only little known about the consequences of OA on the base of the food web. In a mesocosm CO2-enrichment experiment (overall CO2 levels ranged from ~ 180 to 1100 μatm) in Kongsfjorden off Svalbard, we studied the consequences of OA on a natural pelagic microbial community. OA distinctly affected the composition and growth of the Arctic phytoplankton community, i.e. the picoeukaryotic photoautotrophs and to a lesser extent the nanophytoplankton thrived. A shift towards the smallest phytoplankton as a result of OA will have direct consequences for the structure and functioning of the pelagic food web and thus for the biogeochemical cycles. Besides being grazed, the dominant pico- and nanophytoplankton groups were found prone to viral lysis, thereby shunting the carbon accumulation in living organisms into the dissolved pools of organic carbon and subsequently affecting the efficiency of the biological pump in these Arctic waters.

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“…Significantly more carbon was channeled to protists in waters affected by ice melting than in unaffected waters. However, release of DOM due to viral lysis was also suppressed in receiving ice melt waters (Boras et al, 2010). These results indicated that sea ice melting in the Arctic could impact the carbon flow through the microbial food web.…”

Section: Microbial Plankton During the Arctic Winter -Carlos Pedrós-amentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The consequences of these increasing temperatures are already evident in the Arctic; for example, the loss of ice coverage is now affecting the habitat of large mammals, birds and humans (Duarte et al, 2012;Smetacek and Nicol, 2005). Also, extensive sea ice melting has led to major changes in the biogeochemistry (Chen et al, 2003;Wassmann et al, 2011) of the Arctic Ocean and in the functioning of microbial food webs (Boras et al, 2010). However, most research has focused on the summer period, and there are still few annual or over-winter microplankton data for the Arctic (Forest et al, 2011;Vaqué et al, 2008) or Antarctic (Kang et al, 2002) Oceans to confirm these changes and to build carbon flux models (Danovaro et al, 2011) to help understand the role of microplankton in this changing scenario.…”

Section: Microbial Plankton During the Arctic Winter -Carlos Pedrós-amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results indicated that sea ice melting in the Arctic could impact the carbon flow through the microbial food web. This process may be especially important in the case of massive sea ice melting due to climate change (Boras et al, 2010). Furthermore, when the substrate preferences of bacteria for growth were analyzed using Biolog ecoplates , it was observed that the ice melting might induce changes in the bacterioplankton functional diversity by enhancing the turnover of carbohydrates.…”

Section: Microbial Plankton During the Arctic Winter -Carlos Pedrós-amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polar marine biology science in Portugal and Spain: Recent advances and future perspectives

Xavier¹,

Barbosa²,

Agustı́³

et al. 2013

Journal of Sea Research

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Polar marine ecosystems have global ecological and economic importance because of their unique biodiversity and their major role in climate processes and commercial fisheries, among others. Portugal and Spain have been highly active in a wide range of disciplines in marine biology of the Antarctic and the Arctic. The main aim of this paper is to provide a synopsis of some of the results and initiatives undertaken by Portuguese and Spanish polar teams within the field of marine sciences, particularly on benthic and pelagic biodiversity (species diversity and abundance, including microbial, molecular, physiological and chemical mechanisms Journal of Sea Research 83 (2013) 9-29 ☆ Given his role as Guest Editor, Joao-Carlos Marques had no involvement in the peer-review of this article and has no access to information regarding its peer-review. Full responsibility for the editorial process for this article was delegated to Angel Borja.⁎

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Effect of ice melting on bacterial carbon fluxes channelled by viruses and protists in the Arctic Ocean

Cited by 62 publications

References 69 publications

Virus-driven nitrogen cycling enhances phytoplankton growth

Virus-driven nitrogen cycling enhances phytoplankton growth

Arctic microbial community dynamics influenced by elevated CO<sub>2</sub> levels

Polar marine biology science in Portugal and Spain: Recent advances and future perspectives

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Effect of ice melting on bacterial carbon fluxes channelled by viruses and protists in the Arctic Ocean

Cited by 62 publications

References 69 publications

Virus-driven nitrogen cycling enhances phytoplankton growth

Virus-driven nitrogen cycling enhances phytoplankton growth

Arctic microbial community dynamics influenced by elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; levels

Polar marine biology science in Portugal and Spain: Recent advances and future perspectives

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Product

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Arctic microbial community dynamics influenced by elevated CO<sub>2</sub> levels