Effect of impurities caused by a recycling process on the electrochemical performance of Li[Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33]O2

Krüger, Steffen; Hanisch, Christian; Kwade, Arno; Winter, Martin; Nowak, Sascha

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.05.017

Cited by 87 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Regaining pure intermediate materials is necessary for the resynthesizing of new active materials (Krüger et al, 2014;Weng et al, 2013). Impurities stemming from the mixture of materials and various electrochemical reactions during the battery's life as well as impurities from the recycling process itself have to be reduced to a minimum to avoid a downcycling of these high-tech materials.…”

Section: Purity Of Recyclate Determines Quality Of Re-synthesized Actmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SEM images showed smaller non-spherical secondary particles. The electrochemical cycling performance of recycled material from spent lithium-ion batteries at 1C was slightly decreased due to lower electrode kinetics (Krüger et al, 2014). This motivates to find a process to regain active materials purely.…”

Section: Purity Of Recyclate Determines Quality Of Re-synthesized Actmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pre-solutions for the precursor precipitation were synthesized with aluminum contents of below 20 ppm (industrial standard), 0.2 g/L (low recycling impurities) and 1.1 g/L, respectively, as also done in a previous study (Krüger et al, 2014). These materials were resulting in aluminum contents in the NMC particles of 0.01% w/w, 0.01% w/w and 0.57% w/w.…”

Section: Electrochemical Performance Of Re-synthesized Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel method to separate coating and foil of electrodes

Hanisch

Loellhoeffel

Diekmann

et al. 2015

Journal of Cleaner Production

281

121

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Section: Purity Of Recyclate Determines Quality Of Re-synthesized Actmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Purity Of Recyclate Determines Quality Of Re-synthesized Actmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemical Performance Of Re-synthesized Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel method to separate coating and foil of electrodes

Hanisch

Loellhoeffel

Diekmann

et al. 2015

Journal of Cleaner Production

281

121

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The effect of impurities in resynthesized LIB cathode active materials on their electrochemical performance needs to be studied. The effect of Mg or Al impurities in leach liquor from spent LIBs on the electrochemical performance of resynthesized cathode active materials has been investigated [18,19]. However, there has been no study on the effect of Sn impurity on the LIB performance of resynthesized Ni-rich NCM, which has been highlighted as the most promising candidate for high-capacity cathode materials in LIBs due to their high energy density [20,21].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Incorporated Sn in Resynthesized Ni-Rich Cathode Materials on Their Lithium-Ion Battery Performance

Kang

Lee

Kwon

et al. 2017

Metals

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LiNi x Co y Mn z (NCM), one of the most promising candidates for high-capacity cathode materials in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), is synthesized with various amounts of Sn. Sn-incorporated NCM from the resynthesis of NMC in leach liquor containing Sn from spent LIBs is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, particle strength tests, and electrochemical tests. Sn-incorporated NCM has a globular form, and the uniform distribution of Sn inside cathode materials is confirmed. As Sn is introduced, the (003) diffraction peak tends to shift to a smaller angle and particle breaking strength increases. It is found that Sn-incorporated cathode active materials have better cycle performance and rate capability than pristine cathode active material although the discharge capacity slightly decreases. Because there is a trade-off between decreased discharge capacity and improved cycling and rate performance, the incorporation of Sn in resynthesized NCM should be carefully designed and conducted.

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“…The combination of lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate and the precursor can be used for new battery active material. 44 Two aspects or the hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from the black mass of spent lithium-ion batteries have to be considered. Firstly, the black mass has to be unmixed which means lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cannot be processed together with NCM due to different precipitation limits.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles with Focus on Mechanical Processes

Diekmann

Hanisch²,

Froböse

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

254

148

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The increasing usage of electrical drive systems and stationary energy storage worldwide lead to a high demand of raw materials for the production of lithium-ion batteries. To prevent further shortage of these crucial materials, ecological and efficient recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries are needed. Nowadays industrial processes are mostly pyrometallurgical and as such energy and cost intensive. The LithoRec projects, funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), aimed at a realization of a new energy-efficient recycling process, abstaining high temperatures and tracing mechanical process-steps. The conducted mechanical processes were thoroughly investigated by experiments in a laboratory and within technical scale, describing gas release of aged and non-aged lithium-ion batteries during dry crushing, intermediates, and products of the mechanical separation. Conclusively, we found that applying a second crushing step increases the yield of the coating materials, but also enables more selective separation. This work identifies the need for recycling of lithium-ion batteries and its challenges and hazard potential in regards to the applied materials. The outlined results show a safe and ecological recycling process with a material recycling rate of at least 75%.

show abstract

Effect of impurities caused by a recycling process on the electrochemical performance of Li[Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33]O2

Cited by 87 publications

References 27 publications

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel method to separate coating and foil of electrodes

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel method to separate coating and foil of electrodes

The Effects of Incorporated Sn in Resynthesized Ni-Rich Cathode Materials on Their Lithium-Ion Battery Performance

Ecological Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles with Focus on Mechanical Processes

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