Effect of in-plane damage on out-of-plane strength of unreinforced masonry walls

Blockage assessment of buildings during emergency using multiple types of sensors

“…In case of a severe ground shaking, infill walls will start cracking and will start collapsing in the out-of-plane direction even if the overall structural system of the building is not severely damaged [30,31]. These unsafe conditions would cause blockage in passageways, and thus, in buildings with low or moderate damage, it is more critical to monitor non-structural infill walls rather than load carrying columns.…”

Numerical Investigation on the Influence of In‐Plane Damage on the Out‐of‐Plane Behavior of Masonry Infill Walls

“…Verlato et al [23] developed a numerical model of infill masonry walls to carry out parametric analyses for better understanding the main factors influencing the OOP behavior. A nonlinear finite element model was adopted by Agnihotri et al [24] to consider the influence of slenderness ratio and aspect ratio on IP and OOP interaction. Based on a series of finite element analyses, Zizzo et al [25] proposed a formulation for the OOP strength reduction factor.…”

Numerical modelling of FRP-reinforced masonry walls under in-plane seismic loading

“…Computational modelling 29 technology provides a valid and useful alternative to experimental studies. To date, numerical 30 models have been developed based on different theories such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) 31 [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and the Distinct and Discrete Element Methods (DEM) [11,[23][24][25]. Of these, FEM-based 32 models and software are the most popular and widely available.…”

“…FEM modelling strategies can be 33 broadly classified into three categories [22]: micro-scale, meso-scale and macro-scale modelling. Macro-scale modelling regards all the components of masonry as a single continuum in which solid 37 elements or shell elements are widely adopted [7][8][9][10][11][12]. The constitutive material models are initially 38 simplified to be homogeneous and isotropic and concrete damage plasticity and concrete smeared 39 7 (triangular and rectangular voids in Fig.2 (c) and triangular and quadrangular prisms in Fig.2 (b)), to 141 permit co-ordination of the deformation between the cohesive elements and the adjacent solid 142 elements.…”