Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Maximal Swimming Performance

Williams, Natalie; Russell, Mark; Cook, Christian J.; Kilduff, Liam P.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002485

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Most commonly, exercising metabolic activity has been characterized using indirect calorimetry and blood lactate measurements, although some studies have used other methods to assess additional metabolic variables. For example, blood chemistry profiles have consistently demonstrated no effect of IPC on blood glucose, pH, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, or O 2 saturation values after exercise ( Williams et al, 2018 ; Halley et al, 2020 ; Paradis-Deschênes et al, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2022 ). Sixty-seven percent of the studies listed in Supplementary Table S2 report no effect of IPC techniques on key indices of aerobic or anaerobic metabolism, regardless of outcomes of IPC on athletic/exercise performance.…”

Section: Effect Of Ipc On Metabolic Responses To Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential physiological responses contributing to the ergogenic effects of acute ischemic preconditioning during exercise: A narrative review

O’Brien

Jacobs

2022

Front. Physiol.

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Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been reported to augment exercise performance, but there is considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude and frequency of performance improvements. Despite a burgeoning interest in IPC as an ergogenic aid, much is still unknown about the physiological mechanisms that mediate the observed performance enhancing effects. This narrative review collates those physiological responses to IPC reported in the IPC literature and discusses how these responses may contribute to the ergogenic effects of IPC. Specifically, this review discusses documented central and peripheral cardiovascular responses, as well as selected metabolic, neurological, and perceptual effects of IPC that have been reported in the literature.

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Section: Effect Of Ipc On Metabolic Responses To Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential physiological responses contributing to the ergogenic effects of acute ischemic preconditioning during exercise: A narrative review

O’Brien

Jacobs

2022

Front. Physiol.

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“…The iNOS (one isoform of NO synthase) 8 can produce NO, which was suggested for decrease the ATP cost of muscle force production 9 , perhaps via increased mitochondrial efficiency 10 . Two studies investigated the IPC effect in early 13 and late phases 12,13 . One on swimming performance in the 100 and 200 meters time trial13 and another on cycling performance during an incremental cycling test 12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In early phase, the IPC showed benefits on power output (W max) and performance during maximal incremental cycling test (ICT) in physically active subjects 3,11 . However, the IPC late phase has not yet been clearly elucidated 12,13 . Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the early and late IPC phase's effect on the trained cyclists' performance during two consecutive days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ischemic preconditioning delays the time of exhaustion in cycling performance during the early but not in the late phase

Arriel

Souza

Silva

et al. 2019

Motriz: rev. educ. fis.

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Aims: To investigate the early and late ischemic preconditioning (IPC) effect on the trained cyclists' performance during incremental cycling test until exhaustion. Methods: Twenty-one male cyclists allocated to an IPC (2 x 5-min of blood flow occlusion at 50 mm Hg above systolic pressure followed + 5-min of deflation), SHAM (2 x 5-min at 20 mm Hg) or control (CON; no occlusion) interventions, performed three incremental cycling test (ICT) until exhaustion on separate days. The ICT were conducted pre interventions (baseline), 5-min and 24-h after interventions. The heart rate (HR) and power output (PO) were recorded during all ICT. Results: The IPC group increased ICT performance (4.4 ± 4.0 %; effect size (ES) = 0.27) 5-min post intervention, accompanied by HR mean reduction, compared to baseline (p < 0.05). However, there were no changes in SHAM (2.2 ± 4.2%; ES = 0.07) and CON (2.9 ± 5.0%; ES = 0.06) groups. In 24-h post intervention, SHAM (0.2 ± 4.7%; ES = 0.02) and CON (-1.0 ±1.6; ES = 0.03) maintained (p > 0.05) and IPC group decreased the performance (-4.6 ± 3.6 %; ES = 0.16) compared to 5-min post intervention (p < 0.05), but all groups were similar to baseline (p > 0.05). There were no difference (p > 0.05) among groups for PO peak, HR and ICT performance in all moments (baseline, 5-min and 24-h post intervention). Conclusion: The IPC increases early but not late incremental cycling test performance.

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“…At this level of performance, it cannot be ruled out that swimmers need to maintain an activated muscle system to compete at their best of their ability [53]. For that reason, it is common to see swimmers trying to minimize the negative effects of the waiting period by staying active (e.g., through ballistic stretching, jumping sets, or by punching hard on the chest and limbs) [47,54,55]. Therefore, while a good warm-up strategy is crucial, the development of methods to maintain a high muscle temperature and activation during the recovery period emerges as a factor to be considered [13].…”

Section: The Importance Of Maintaining the Warm-up Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming Warm-Up and Beyond: Dryland Protocols and Their Related Mechanisms—A Scoping Review

et al. 2022

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In swimming, the beneficial effects of the in-water warm-up are often undermined by the long transition periods before competition (≥ 20 min). For that reason, studies comparing the effects of in-water warm-ups followed by dryland activities have been conducted in the swimming literature. This has brought conflicting evidence due to large combinations of supervised and unsupervised warm-up procedures used. Therefore, a scoping review was performed to discuss (1) why warm-up strategies are important for competitive swimming; to identify (2) what are the different warm-up approaches available in the literature, and; to establish (3) what are the main conclusions, considerations and gaps that should be addressed in further research to provide clearer guidance for interventions. The search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. To be considered eligible, studies must have assessed acute short-term responses of warm-up procedures in swimmers by using randomized controlled trials or pre-post study designs. A total of 42 articles were included in this review. The effectiveness of warm-up responses was evaluated based on the inclusion or not of warm-up, the type of conditioning activity (in-water exercise, in-water exercise combined with dryland or dryland exercise only), its duration, and intensity. (1) Warm-up mechanisms have been mainly related to temperature changes associated to cardiovascular adaptations and short-term specific neuromuscular adaptations. Thus, maintaining muscle activity and body temperature during the transition phase immediately prior to competition could help swimmers' performance; (2) the most common approach before a race usually included a moderate mileage of in-water warm-up (~ 1000 m) performed at an intensity of ≤ 60% of the maximal oxygen consumption, followed by dryland protocols to keep the muscle activity and body temperature raised during the transition phase. Dryland activities could only optimize performance in sprint swimming if performed after the in-water warm-up, especially if heated clothing elements are worn. Using tethered swimming and hand-paddles during warm-ups does not provide superior muscular responses to those achieved by traditional in-water warm-ups, possibly because of acute alterations in swimming technique. In contrast, semi-tethered resisted swimming may be considered as an appropriate stimulus to generate post-activation performance enhancements; (3) nothing has yet been investigated in backstroke, butterfly or individual medley, and there is a paucity of research on the effects of experimental warm-ups over distances greater than 100 m. Women are very under-represented in warm-up research, which prevents conclusions about possible sex-regulated effects on specific responses to the warm-up procedures.

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Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Maximal Swimming Performance

Cited by 19 publications

References 34 publications

Potential physiological responses contributing to the ergogenic effects of acute ischemic preconditioning during exercise: A narrative review

Potential physiological responses contributing to the ergogenic effects of acute ischemic preconditioning during exercise: A narrative review

Ischemic preconditioning delays the time of exhaustion in cycling performance during the early but not in the late phase

Swimming Warm-Up and Beyond: Dryland Protocols and Their Related Mechanisms—A Scoping Review

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