Effect of Ketoprofen on acute phase protein concentrations in goats undergoing castration

Abstract

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of ketoprofen on acute phase protein (APPs) concentrations in goats undergoing castration. A total of 16 clinically healthy, male and 12 months old goats were enrolled and each case received ketoprofen (group I) or control (group II) in a randomized fashion. Goats were sedated with Xylazine-HCl, afterwards ketoprofen (3 mg/kg) was injected via jugular vein in group I, whereas physiological saline solution was administered to group II. Goats were castrated by the Burdizzo method. Hematological parameters were determined with a blood cell counter and plasma fibrinogen (Fb), serum haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentrations were measured Millars technique, ELISA kit or p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity prior to castration and throughout the study on 0 to 96 h.ResultsThere were no differences in pre-treatment serum Cp, SAA and Fb concentrations among the groups. Contrarily, there were significant differences in plasma Hp concentrations on 0 to 96 h onwards post-castration. There were no differences in WBC and PCV between groups. Cp, Fb, and SAA were almost constant or showed slight changes at various stages of the study with no significant differences between groups.ConclusionsThe results revealed that, levels of Cp, Fb and SAA may not be affected by castration such as the confounding parameters similarly to stress. More investigations possessing different surgical or non-surgical castration techniques with larger number of goats and focusing on specific markers for stress are suggested for precise analysis.

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral firocoxib in adult, mixed‐breed goats

“…Clinical use of firocoxib would most likely occur in nonfasted animals, and, as such, the pharmacokinetics in unfasted goats likely represent the clinical application of firocoxib. The mean half‐life of oral firocoxib in this study, 21.5 hr, was much longer than those reported for oral meloxicam and oral flunixin in goats at 10.7–11.8 hr [mean] and 4.2 hr [median], respectively (Ingvast‐Larsson et al, ; Karademir, Akin, et al, ; Karademir, Erdogan, et al, ; Konigsson et al, ) (Table ). This prolonged half‐life may result in dose accumulation with subsequent doses, depending on dosing interval.…”

“…Bioavailability of oral firocoxib was relatively high with a mean of 71%. Mean bioavailability of oral meloxicam in goats has previously been found to be between 79% and 96% (Ingvast‐Larsson et al, ; Karademir, Akin, et al, ; Karademir, Erdogan, et al, ), while the median bioavailability of orally administered flunixin meglumine was lower at 58% (Konigsson, Torneke, Engeland, Odensvik, & Kindahl, ) (Table ). These results indicate good absorption following oral administration of firocoxib, despite the goats' unfasted state, and suggest that absorption is similar to that of other studied NSAIDs.…”

“…The concentration of firocoxib was undetectable (<5 ng/ml) at time 0 for both treatment groups, indicating that no goat had received firocoxib prior to the start of the study period and that the 14‐day washout period was adequate. The mean time to maximal concentration following oral firocoxib administration was less than an hour, representing more rapid absorption when compared to oral meloxicam (Ingvast‐Larsson et al, ; Karademir, Akin, et al, ; Karademir, Erdogan, et al, ) in goats (Table ). Bioavailability of oral firocoxib was relatively high with a mean of 71%.…”

“…The dose was rounded to the nearest 0.01 g of paste. This dose was selected based on pharmacokinetic studies of other NSAIDs in goats and other ruminants (Ingvast‐Larsson et al, ; Karademir, Akin, et al, ; Karademir, Erdogan, et al, ; Stock et al, , ).…”

“…Animal welfare and pain management in livestock species have become increasingly prevalent topics of discussion and study for producers, veterinarians, and society (Fraser et al, ; Grandin, ; Phillips, Wojciechowska, Meng, & Cross, ; Shivley, Garry, Kogan, & Grandin, ). Researchers have attempted to provide evidence of beneficial effects of analgesia for routine procedures such as disbudding and castration in cattle (Coetzee, ; Stock, Baldridge, Griffin, & Coetzee, ) and small ruminants (Ingvast‐Larsson et al, ; Karademir, Akin, Akin, Erdogan, Ural, & Asici, ; Karademir, Erdogan, et al, ). Long‐term pain management is also important for the welfare of production and pet goats alike, and examples of conditions where chronic pain medication may be indicated include osteoarthritis (either primary or secondary to infection with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus), fracture, spondylitis, foot rot and abscesses, corneal ulceration, and postoperative pain (Anderson & Muir, ; Galatos, ; Plummer & Schleining, ).…”