Effect of La doping on key characteristics of SnO2 thin films facilely fabricated by spin coating technique

Effects of Cobalt Doping on the Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of SnO2 Nanostructures Synthesized by SILAR Method

“…Also, this formation can be interpreted as the evidence of homogeneously scattered of Co into the SnO2 matrix as the radii difference between Co 2+ (0.65 Å) and Sn 4+ (0.69 Å) is negligibly small so that Co 2+ can substitute Sn 4+ in the crystal system which is compatiblewith previous reports [14,15]. Table 1 presents the crystalline size (D), dislocation density (δ) and lattice strain (ε) of all the samples, computed by the performing formulas below [3,[5][6][7][8]]…”

“…The microstrain and dislocation density were observed to be increased as a result of increase in cobalt doping concentrations to the 2% and 4%, unlike the same values recorded for the lower doping concentration levels. The crystallization process in polycrystalline nanostructures may ignite the change in microstrain and dislocation density due to the differences in the ionic sizes of Co 2+ and Sn 4+ materials [5,16]. Therefore, it is safe to say that there is a clear relation between crystallite size, microstrain, dislocation density, and cobalt doping.…”

“…Hence, there is a gap in the literature on characterizing SnO2 thin films produced by different methods. Besides, it is noted that SnO2 nanostructures have a wider bandgap including a higher binding energy (130 meV) which may help enhancing the performance of the blue emission devices which are based on tin oxides [5,6].…”

“…into the parent system [3,[6][7][8]. For example, the photoluminescence emission intensity and bandgap energy of SnO2 thin films, which can be significant factors that decide their successes in the optoelectronic applications, have been shown to be affected due to the presence of dopants in their crystal system [5,6,8]. Among the dopant elements, the studies related to the incorporation of cobalt (Co; [Ar] 3d 7 4s 2 ) into the SnO2 lattices (SCO) are incomplete, even though cobalt has a broad branch of utilizations in batteries, catalysis and electroplating [9].…”

“…There are several numbers of methods that are available to synthesize SnO2 nanocrystallites like pulsed laser deposition (PLD), sol-gel, spray pyrolysis, magnetron sputtering, hydrothermal routes, spin coating, chemical vapor deposition, etc. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. In the present investigation, we have adapted the SILAR method for the preparation of cobalt doped SnO2 (Co:SnO2) nanoparticles as this method is easily operated with no sophisticated equipment.…”