Effect of laurel wilt invasion on redbay populations in a maritime forest community

Evans, Jonathan P.; Scheffers, Brett R.; Hess, Matthew

doi:10.1007/s10530-013-0592-y

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Our herbivory data, although qualitative, indicated that in 2014, swallowtail caterpillars and other insects were actively utilizing the remaining redbay as a host plant and food source. In addition, previous studies on the island indicated that redbay regeneration might be in jeopardy due to high deer browse (Evans et al, 2013), but we found low levels of deer browse on sprouts within our study sites and most sprouts had reached heights above the browse line. Past studies on an adjacent island indicated that redbay fruits and leaves were a minor component of annual browse by whitetail deer (Thomas, 2008b).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…The largest snags among the three sites included trees of 77, 38 and 33 cm DBH in the maritime, old-field and hammock sites, respectively. Evans et al (2013) reported large declines in redbay densities across all diameter classes on the island from 2004-2009, and by 2014, the species, although persisting in the midstory at small diameters, was no longer a component in the canopy among our three sites. Recent studies indicated that the ambrosia beetle can persist in redbay stands that have trees with 2-3cm root collar diameters (Maner et al, 2014), so in future years, it will be interesting to track growth and survival of the remaining stems as they move into larger diameter classes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In northern Florida, one year after infection was observed, redbay mortality was 100% in the overstory component resulting in significant changes in forest stand structure (Shields et al, 2011). On St. Catherines Island, Georgia, 98% of redbay main stems died across six 1 ha plots from 2004-2009(Evans et al, 2013. On Ft. George Island, Florida, 132 redbay stems (DBH > 2.5 cm) were monitored from 2004 -2006, and 92% of these trees died over this time span .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redbay Survival Eleven Years after Infection with an Exotic Disease on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA

Smith¹,

Landreaux²,

Steinmann³

et al. 2015

ENRR

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Introduced to the United States in 2002, laurel wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) is a fungus that causes life threatening defensive responses in the vascular system of trees within the Lauraceae family, and it is introduced to the tree by the Asian ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus). Redbay (Persea borbonia) is the preferred host species within the US coastal plains and maritime forests, and it has experienced rapid mortality throughout its range in the southeastern United States since the introduction of the ambrosia beetle and associated fungus. In this study, we inventoried all dead and live redbay trees from replicated transects inside a maritime forest, a successional old-field forest (both located on the island's Pleistocene core), and a Holocene hammock to examine the role of soils, prior land use and landscape position on redbay survival eleven years after the introduction of the exotic beetle and fungus on the island. Results indicated that the maritime forest had a significantly higher number of redbay trees prior to infection compared to the hammock or old-field sites. Eleven years post-infection, all three sites had similar densities of redbay trees and the surviving trees had similar diameter distributions among the three sites. Soils under the maritime forest had significantly higher phosphorous (P) and pH concentrations, and the Holocene hammock had a higher water table compared to the sites on the Pleistocene core. Almost all living trees at each site had signs of invertebrate herbivory and twig borer damage. Prior land use history and soils affected redbay densities before laurel wilt infection, but eleven years post-infection, all three site types had similar redbay densities, diameters, basal areas, and levels of herbivory and surviving trees did not demonstrate signs of photosynthetic stress.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redbay Survival Eleven Years after Infection with an Exotic Disease on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA

Smith¹,

Landreaux²,

Steinmann³

et al. 2015

ENRR

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“…(redbay, swamp bay and silk bay, which some refer to collectively as redbay) have been most severely impacted by laurel wilt. Within a few years of affecting a stand, most mature trees of these species succumb to this disease [13,21,22,145,146]. Symptoms of laurel wilt develop soon after host trees are infected by R. lauricola (usually within 2 to 3 weeks of artificial inoculation) [117].…”

Section: Ecology and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Laurel Wilt in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems: Understanding the Drivers and Scales of Complex Pathosystems

Ploetz

Kendra²,

Choudhury

et al. 2017

Forests

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Laurel wilt kills members of the Lauraceae plant family in the southeastern United States. It is caused by Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich and Aghayeva, a nutritional fungal symbiont of an invasive Asian ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, which was detected in Port Wentworth, Georgia, in 2002. The beetle is the primary vector of R. lauricola in forests along the southeastern coastal plain of the United States, but other ambrosia beetle species that obtained the pathogen after the initial introduction may play a role in the avocado (Persea americana Miller) pathosystem. Susceptible taxa are naïve (new-encounter) hosts that originated outside Asia. In the southeastern United States, over 300 million trees of redbay (P. borbonia (L.) Spreng.) have been lost, and other North American endemics, non-Asian ornamentals and avocado-an important crop that originated in MesoAmerica-are also affected. However, there are no reports of laurel wilt on the significant number of lauraceous endemics that occur in the Asian homeland of R. lauricola and X. glabratus; coevolved resistance to the disease in the region has been hypothesized. The rapid spread of laurel wilt in the United States is due to an efficient vector, X. glabratus, and the movement of wood infested with the insect and pathogen. These factors, the absence of fully resistant genotypes, and the paucity of effective control measures severely constrain the disease's management in forest ecosystems and avocado production areas.

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“…The avocado crop is valuable to the state economy, and the avocado industry brings in a substantial amount of "new dollars" to the state, resulting in an overall economic impact of close to $100 million per annum [3]. However, the revenue from avocado in Florida has been greatly reduced (by 50%) due to the effects of laurel wilt (Lw) disease [3,4]. Lw disease has caused serious losses in fruit quality and quantity, resulting in reduced sales, as well as an increase in agro-industrial waste, pesticide costs, and management expenses [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Differentiation between Laurel Wilt Disease, Phytophthora Disease, and Salinity Damage Using a Hyperspectral Sensing Technique

2016

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Laurel wilt (Lw) is a fatal disease. It is a vascular pathogen and is considered a major threat to the avocado industry in Florida. Many of the symptoms of Lw resemble those that are caused by other diseases or stress factors. In this study, the best wavelengths with which to discriminate plants affected by Lw from stress factors were determined and classified. Visible-near infrared (400-950 nm) spectral data from healthy trees and those with Lw, Phytophthora, or salinity damage were collected using a handheld spectroradiometer. The total number of wavelengths was averaged in two ranges: 10 nm and 40 nm. Three classification methods, stepwise discriminant (STEPDISC) analysis, multilayer perceptron (MLP), and radial basis function (RBF), were applied in the early stage of Lw infestation. The classification results obtained for MLP, with percent accuracy of classification as high as 98% were better than STEPDISC and RBF. The MLP neural network selected certain wavelengths that were crucial for correctly classifying healthy trees from those with stress trees. The results showed that there were sufficient spectral differences between laurel wilt, healthy trees, and trees that have other diseases; therefore, a remote sensing technique could diagnose Lw in the early stage of infestation.

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Effect of laurel wilt invasion on redbay populations in a maritime forest community

Cited by 37 publications

References 23 publications

Redbay Survival Eleven Years after Infection with an Exotic Disease on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA

Redbay Survival Eleven Years after Infection with an Exotic Disease on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA

Laurel Wilt in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems: Understanding the Drivers and Scales of Complex Pathosystems

Detection and Differentiation between Laurel Wilt Disease, Phytophthora Disease, and Salinity Damage Using a Hyperspectral Sensing Technique

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