Effect of lignin esters on improving the thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract

To improve the thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and the utilization of lignin (L), different L esters were added to PVC to produce the plates with enhanced thermal stabilities. The properties and structures of the L ester–PVC plates and the properties of the L esters and their mixtures with PVC were analyzed by universal mechanical testing, static thermal stability testing, thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that L improved the thermal stability of PVC, but the mechanical properties were substantially deteriorated. Proper esterification of L improved the thermal stabilities and mechanical properties of the plates. Noncyclic anhydride acetylated L–PVC plates possessed good static and dynamic thermal stabilities and mechanical properties. The PVC plates incorporated with the L esters with a degree of esterification of around 40% exhibited the best combination properties. Maleated L–PVC plates had good dynamic thermal stability and mechanical properties but poor static thermal stability. The opposite properties were found for succinylated L–PVC plates. The differences in the properties of different L ester–PVC plates were attributed to the different abilities of L esters to capture free radicals, the crosslinking reaction between L esters and PVC, and their compatibility. Different properties of the L esters indicated their different applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47176.

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Esterified Lignin in Various Polymer Blends

“…Highly lipophilic agents such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, and alkyl ketene dimer were used in an aqueous process to increase the compatibility of lignin with PP [ 22 ]. The thermal stability could be improved in polyvinyl chloride with various lignin esters at expense of mechanical properties [ 23 ]. The use of readily available fatty acids provides a cheap and renewable alternative to create a functionalized Kraft lignin with increased lipophilicity to improve the compatibility with common plastics such as PP, polyethylene (PE), and other hydrocarbon-based polymers.…”

“…The use of readily available fatty acids provides a cheap and renewable alternative to create a functionalized Kraft lignin with increased lipophilicity to improve the compatibility with common plastics such as PP, polyethylene (PE), and other hydrocarbon-based polymers. This can be achieved using an esterification procedure of the Kraft lignin with fatty acids [ 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The ease of ester bond formation and its relatively high thermal stability makes it an excellent choice of linker, simplifying the potential industrial-scale production and processability of plastic blends.…”

Strong, Reusable, and Self‐Healing Lignin‐Containing Polyurea Adhesives

“…Specially, lignin is a strong UV‐absorber . Although there are more than 50 million tons of industrial lignin produced from pulping and paper making industry yearly, most of them are directly burnt or drained as waste water . Lignin still cannot be fully utilized to this day in spite of its advantages.…”

Nickel ammonium phosphate and reduced graphene oxide two‐dimensional hybrid material for improving the fire safety and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

“…and plasticizer (dioctyl terephthalate etc.) must be added during processing 3 . These bring to PVC a great risk of heat release and smoke, which are one of the important causes of fatal hazards in fires.…”