“…The anti-inflammatory activities of these essential oils have been documented in several studies. Previous studies demonstrated that Thymus vulgaris ( Abdelli et al, 2017 ), Salvia officinalis ( Abu-Darwish et al, 2013 ), Mentha piperita ( Hejna, Kovanda, Rossi, & Liu, 2021 ), Pelargonium graveolens ( Ali, Saleh, & Jalal, 2020 ), Citrus lemon ( Shen, Jiang, Zhu, & Ou-Yang, 2017 ), and Nigella sativa ( Bordoni et al, 2019 ) essential oils exhibited anti-inflammatory effects via different mechanisms and pathways. Propolis extract exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory activity compared to the LPS control.…”