Physical exercises can act as a brain booster. The exercise is an easy and effective way to improve brain performance, including cognitive function, and learning ability and memory. In addition to maintaining health and fitness, physical exercise is indicated to improve brain performance through several mechanisms, such as preventing stress and mild depression, increasing the nutrients and oxygen supply to the brain, activating the antioxidant systems, increasing the neurotrophic and neurotransmitter levels, maintain synapses' plasticity, and enhancing synaptogenesis, neurogensis, and angiogenesis. Various studies have shown that physical exercise contributes positively to cognitive function, intelligence level, and academic achievement of children. Physical exercises, therefore, should be prefered as a brain booster or an effective way to improve brain performance for children. Physical exercise not only gives benefits in health and physical fitness but also improves brain performance, cognition, and learning and memory ability.

Rokok menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan antara stres oksidatif dan antioksidan pada endogen testis. Hal ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan ROS sehingga dapat menurunkan antioksidan dan menyebabkan stres oksidatif pada proses spermatogenesis yang dapat memengaruhi kualitas sperma, seperti jumlah, motilitas, dan morfologi. Hal ini dapat dihambat dengan mengurangi oksidan atau mengonsumsi antioksidan alami, berupa likopen yang terkandung dalam tomat. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh jus tomat terhadap kualitas sperma mencit yang diberi paparan asap rokok tersier. Metode penelitian bersifat eksperimental murni in vivo dengan rancangan acak lengkap. Subjek penelitian adalah 35 ekor mencit jantan dewasa yang dibagi secara acak dan memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi lima kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal (diberi pakan biasa); K (-) (mendapat paparan asap rokok tersier); K1 (diberi jus tomat 0,16 mL/hari dan paparan asap rokok tersier); K2 (diberi jus tomat 0,32 mL/hari dan paparan asap rokok tersier); K3 (diberi jus tomat 0,64 mL/hari dan paparan asap rokok tersier), semua perlakuan ini diberikan selama 14 hari. Akhir penelitian, seluruh mencit dibedah lalu diambil testis untuk melihat kualitas sperma. Uji statistik menggunakan uji parametrik one way ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara rerata jumlah sperma antarkelompok (p>0,05), antara motilitas sperma antarkelompok (p>0,05), dan morfologi sperma antarkelompok (p<0,05). Simpulan penelitian ini jus tomat tidak memengaruhi kualitas sperma, namun tomat dapat meningkatkan jumlah sperma ke batas normal. Pemberian jus tomat yang mengandung likopen cukup tinggi dapat meningkatkan antioksidan sehingga dapat menurunkan ROS dan stres oksidatif. Dalam penelitian ini kerusakan pertama terjadi pada morfologi sperma. THE EFFECT OF TOMATOES JUICE (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L) ON THE QUALITY OF THE MICE SPERMA THAT IS PROVIDED BY TERSIERED CIGARETTE SMOKECigarettes cause an imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidants in endogenous testes. This is due to an increasing of ROS that can reduce antioxidants and caused oxidative stress in the process of spermatogenesis which affect sperm quality, such as the amount of sperm, motility, and morphology of sperm. Reduction of oxidants or consuming natural antioxidants can inhibit it process by lycopene that contained in tomatoes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tomato juice on the sperm quality of mice that expose to tertiary cigarette smoke exposure. The study was in vivo experimental laboratory using completely randomized design of 25 adult male mice that were randomly divided and met the inclusion criteria. This research was divided into five groups, the first group was normal group (given normal feed); the second is K (-) (getting exposure to tertiary cigarette smoke); the sample test groups were expose to tertiary cigarettes smoke exposure and it given tomato juice, K1 (given 0.16 mL/ day tomato juice); K2 (0.32 mL/day tomato juice); K3 (given 0.64 ml tomato juice/day) then all these treatments were given for 14 days. At the end of the study, mice were dissected and the testicles were taken to analyze the quality of sperm. This research using one way ANOVA test and the result showed there was no significant differences amoung mean about the amount of sperm between groups (p>0.05), sperm motility between groups (p>0.05), and sperm morphology between groups (p<0.05). The conclusion of this research is that tomato juice did not affect sperm quality, but it can increase the amount of sperm to the normal limit. The smokers will increase ROS and reduce antioxidants so that resulting oxidative stress. Tomato juice that containing high enough of lycopene could increase antioxidants, so it can reduce ROS and stress. In this research the first damage was sperm morphology.

Meningkatnya jumlah perokok aktif yang mungkin berimplikasi pada peningkatan jumlah perokok sekunder dan tersier. Salah satu dampak buruk rokok yaitu dapat meningkatkan kadar gula darah. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis pengaruh paparan asap rokok tersier terhadap kadar glukosa darah mencit. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in vivo dengan subjek penelitian mencit yang dibagi dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol yang tidak diberikan perlakuan dan kelompok perlakuan yang diberi asap rokok tersier selama 29 hari dengan pemeriksaan darah dilakukan pada tiga periode, yaitu minggu ke-0, ke-2, dan ke-4. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar glukosa darah kelompok perlakuan (203,8 mg/dL) lebih tinggi dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol (163 mg/dL) pada minggu ke-4. Hasil uji t independent memperlihatkan nilai p lebih kecil dari 0,05 (p<0,05). Adapun pada kelompok kontrol (p=0,450) dan perlakuan (p=0,120) tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar glukosa darah antara minggu ke-0 dan ke-4. Hasil uji t dependen memperlihatkan nilai p lebih besar dari 0,05 (p>0,05). Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa paparan asap rokok tersier pada penelitian ini memengaruhi kadar glukosa darah. Asap rokok tersier mengandung berbagai bahan yang berbahaya salah satunya nikotin yang dapat memengaruhi metabolisme glukosa dengan cara menginduksi keadaan stres oksidatif yang dapat merusak lipid, protein, dan dapat memengaruhi kemampuan sel untuk mengatur kadar gula darah dalam tubuh sehingga dapat terlihat hiperglikemia pada mencit yang terpapar asap rokok tersier.

The study aim was analyzed the potential of semi polar compounds from lemon-local on old mice lipid profile with high fat dietary. Experimental study using DDY mice, males, 50−55 weeks. Five of 30 mice were sacrificed before treatment (group 6), group 1 (negative control), groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed high fat dietary, group 3, 4 and 5 were treated doses 1, 2 and 3, respectively, orally. Parameters measured were body weight, HDL, TAG, total cholesterol. The results showed body weight of mice were above normal and dose 2 treatment cause weight loss (p=0.658). The highest cholesterol level was in positive control and the lowest was in the group given doses 2 (p=0.042). The highest triglycerides level was in the pretreatment group and the lowest was in the group given doses 2 (p=0.148). The highest HDL was in the positive group and the lowest was in the group given doses 2 (p=0.278). Semi polar compound from lemon-local at dose 2 could be regulated profile lipid on old mice with high fat dietary. This research needs to be improved, especially biomechanism of active substances.

Dislipidemia merupakan salah satu faktor risiko dari non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD mempunyai karakteristik steatosis hepatik, hepatocyte ballooning, inflamasi lobular, dan fibrosis.  Kandungan flavonoid pada Citrus limon dipercaya dapat mencegah steatosis hepatik. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh fraksi air buah lemon terhadap gambaran morfologi jaringan hati mencit tua yang diberi pakan tinggi lemak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan subjek penelitian adalah mencit (Mus musculus) jantan galur DDY tua yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok secara acak, terdiri atas kelompok kontrol dan tiga kelompok perlakuan dengan konsentrasi fraksi air buah lemon 20,6; 41,2; 82,4 mg/20 gram BB mencit. Data jumlah hepatosit dengan droplet lemak dan hepatocyte ballooning dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA dan Uji Kruskal Willis. Terdapat  perbedaan jumlah hepatosit dengan droplet lemak (p=0,063) dan hepatosit yang mengalami pembengkakan (p=0,109) antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah fraksi air buah lemon dapat mencegah hepatocyte ballooning dan pembentukan droplet lemak pada hepatosit mencit tua yang diberikan pakan tinggi lemak.  PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF WATER FRACTION OF LEMON ON HIGH-FAT DIET-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN OLD MICEDyslipidemia is one of the risk factors of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is characterized by hepatic steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, lobular inflammation, and fibrosis. Flavonoid in Citrus limon is believed to prevent hepatic steatosis. The aim of this study is to know the protective effect of lemon’s water fraction on high-fat diet-induced liver injury in old mice. This was an experimental study with old male mice (Mus musculus) DDY strain divided into four groups randomly, consisting of control group and three groups given with water fraction of lemon at concentration 20.6; 41.2; 82.4 mg/20 gram mice body weight. Total count of hepatocytes with fat droplets and hepatocytes ballooning were analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal Willis tests. There are differences in the amount of hepatocytes with fat droplets (p=0.063) and hepatocytes ballooning (p=0.109) between the control group and the treatment group. The conclusion of this study is lemon’s water fraction can prevent the formation of hepatocyte ballooning and fat droplet in old mice’s hepatocyte fed by high-fat diet.