Effect of location and Citrus species on total phenolic, antioxidant, and radical scavenging activities of some Citrus seed and oils

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and radical scavenging effect of the seeds and seed oils of some Citrus fruits (mandarin, orange, and lemon) collected from different locations of Turkey on November in 2008 and 2009. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and radical scavenging of citrus are 209.90-287.20 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg, 1.24-2.04 mmol TE/kg, and 2.21-0.73 DPPH. IC 50 of mandarin;198.40-230.40 mg GAE/kg, 1.49-1.83 mmol TE/kg, and 1.40-0.58 DPPH. IC 50 of orange; 152.70-212.30 mg GAE/kg, 1.39-1.86 mmol TE/kg, and 2.35-0.66 DPPH. IC 50 of lemon seeds, respectively. They are 71.12-87.00 mg GAE/kg, 0.39-1.21 mmol TE/kg, and 5.93-3.74 DPPH. IC 50 of mandarin; 46.63-92.80 mg GAE/kg, 0.65-1.18 mmol TE/kg, and 8.02-2.05 DPPH. IC 50 of orange; 63.41-92.51 mg GAE/kg, 0.50-1.56 mmol TE/kg, and 3.24-2.83 DPPH. IC 50 of lemon seed oils, respectively. The parameter levels are found lower in Citrus seed oils then seeds. Practical ApplicationCitrus fruits are especially rich sources of important phenolic compounds. Antioxidants are the substances that delay the beginning of the oxidation. Phenolic compounds are widely distributed in fruits and vegetables and secondary metabolites which are synthesized in plants. Citrus seeds are a potential source for nutrients. Citrus seeds are important sources of oils.

Insights into the development of grapefruit nutraceutical powder by spray drying: physical characterization, chemical composition and 3D intestinal permeability

“…The antioxidant capacity of the nutraceutical product was similar to those found in mandarin, orange, grapefruit and lemon, among other citrus fruits . These results indicated that the powdered product, despite being exposed to changes in its structure, still has similar values to different fresh products . Although it is true that the main advantage of the method established for the quantification of antioxidant activity is its simplicity, the biggest disadvantage is that the results can be influenced by many factors, such as the interaction of the antioxidants in the sample, reagents, pH, times or free radical production .…”

Changes in chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil from Thomson navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) peel under freezing, convective, vacuum, and microwave drying methods

“…In the DPPH test, the stable free radical with dark violet color interact with the phenolic compounds and immediately after receiving proton from them, it instantly loses its chromophore and becomes yellow (Farahmandfar et al, 2018;İnan, Özcan, & Aljuhaimi, 2018). In the DPPH test, the stable free radical with dark violet color interact with the phenolic compounds and immediately after receiving proton from them, it instantly loses its chromophore and becomes yellow (Farahmandfar et al, 2018;İnan, Özcan, & Aljuhaimi, 2018).…”

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Waste Citrus Seeds: Chemical Composition, Nutritional and Biological Properties of Edible Fixed Oils

“…Lower levels of TP were reported by Yilmaz and Güneşer in cold pressed (4.92 mg GA/100 g) and solvent extracted (3.86 mg GA/100 g) lemon seed oils. TPC values in the range 71.12–87.00, 46.63–92.80, and 63.41–92.51 mg GAE/kg of seeds were reported by İnan et al for mandarin, orange, and lemon seed oils, respectively. Otherwise, the TPC average value of 4.43 g kg −1 oil was reported by Jorge et al for orange seed oil obtained by pressing in vegetable oil extractor.…”

“…The seeds of Citrus fruits are an interesting source of phenolic compounds, which include phenolic acids, tocopherols, flavonoids and tannins . Also Citrus seed oils have been reported to possess significant levels of phenolic compounds . TPC values of 1.20, 1.01, 1.15 mg GAE/g of oils were previously determined by using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, for lemon, tangerine ( C. reticulata Blanco) and orange ( C. sinensis L. Osbeck) seeds, respectively .…”