Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Acid, Aluminum, and Low Calcium on Adult Brook Trout (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>). 1. Survival, Growth, Fecundity, and Progeny Survival

Mount, David R.; Ingersoll, Christopher G.; Gulley, D. D.; Fernandez, Joseph D.; LaPoint, Thomas W.; Bergman, Harold L.

doi:10.1139/f88-192

Cited by 67 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…6-0.7 of the values at pH near 6.5 (Ingersoll et al 1990, Marschall 1991. For adult fish, this change in pH did not affect survival, though it caused growth rates to be 0.5-0.8 of the pH 6.5 growth rates (Mount et al 1988, Marschall 1991. Although these vital rate responses are above the ~0 .…”

Section: Local Extinctionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In systems stressed by acidic deposition, growth rates of juveniles and adults are positively correlated with pH and calcium concentration. Again, the effect is strongest on juveniles (Mount et al 1988, Ingersoll et al 1990, Marschall 1991. Neither fecundity (per body mass) nor egg size is affected by pH and calcium concentration (Mount et al 1988).…”

Section: Habitat Alterationmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Assessing Population Responses to Multiple Anthropogenic Effects: A Case Study with Brook Trout

Marschall¹,

Crowder²

1996

Ecological Applications

102

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Abstract. Population declines are often caused by multiple factors, including anthropogenic ones that can be mitigated or reversed to enhance population recovery. We used a size-classified matrix population model to examine multiple anthropogenic effects on a population and determine which factors are most (or least) important to population dynamics. We modeled brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in southern Appalachian mountain streams responding to multiple anthropogenic effects including the introduction of an exotic salmonid species (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss), a decrease in pH (through acidic deposition), an increase in siltation (from roadbuilding and logging), and an increase in fishing pressure.Potential brook trout responses to rainbow trout include a decrease in survival rate of small fish, a change in density dependence in survival of small fish, and a decrease in growth rates of all sizes. When we included these responses in the population model, we found that population size tended to decrease with an increase in small-fish growth rate (producing a population with fewer, but larger, fish). In addition, changes in patterns of density-dependent survival also had a strong impact on both population size and size structure. Brook trout respond to decreases in pH with decreased growth rate in all size classes, decreased survival rates of small fish, and decreased egg-to-larva survival rates. This combination of effects, at magnitudes documented in laboratory experiments, had severe negative impacts on the modeled population. If siltation effects were severe, the extreme increase in egg-to-larva mortality could have strong negative effects on the population. However, even very strong increases in large fish mortality associated with sport harvesting were not likely to cause a local extinction. In all of these cases, the interaction of drastic changes in population size structure with randomly occurring floods or droughts may lead to even stronger negative impacts than those predicted from the deterministic model.Because these fish can reproduce at a small size, negative impacts on survival of the largest fish were not detrimental to the persistence of the population. Because survival of small juveniles is density dependent, even moderate decreases in survival in this stage had little effect on the ultimate population size. In general, a brook trout population will respond most negatively to factors that decrease survival of large juveniles and small adults, and growth rates of small juveniles.

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Section: Local Extinctionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Habitat Alterationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Assessing Population Responses to Multiple Anthropogenic Effects: A Case Study with Brook Trout

Marschall¹,

Crowder²

1996

Ecological Applications

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Physiological studies have demonstrated that Al causes acute ionoregulatory and respiratory disturbances in this pH range (e.g., Neville 1985;Playle et al 1989;Witters et al 1990). However, the continued presence of fish populations in softwater lakes and rivers containing levels of aluminium in excess of 100 lzg/l at these pH's (Wright and Snekvik 1978;Schofield and Trojnar 1980;Kelso et al 1986) has encouraged research into the effects of chronic exposure to sublethal Al concentrations in acidified low Ca 2 + water (Wood and McDonald 1987;Mount et al 1988;McDonald and Milligan 1988;Wood et al 1988a,b;Walker et al 1991). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming performance, whole body ions, and gill Al accumulation during acclimation to sublethal aluminium in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Wilson

Wood

1992

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Juvenile rainbow trout (2-5 g) were chronically exposed (for 22 days) to acidified softwater (Ca(2+) = 25 μEq/l, pH 5.2) in the presence or absence sublethal Al (30 μg/l). Al-exposed fish (5.2/Al group) suffered 20% whole body Na(+) and Cl(-) losses and a 30% reduction in the maximum sustainable swimming speed (Ucrit) over the initial 7 days. These disturbances were approximately 2 fold greater than those observed in the fish exposed to low pH alone (5.2/0 group). However, whole body ion levels were completely restored in the 5.2/Al fish by day 22, whereas they merely stabilized at a new reduced level in the 5.2/0 group. Increased resistance to acutely lethal Al (200 μg/l at pH 5.2) was observed from day 17 onwards in the 5.2/Al fish. Despite this acclimation and recovery of whole body ions, Ucrit remained significantly lower than in the 5.2/0 group throughout. Growth on a restricted diet of 1% body wt. /day was normal in the 5.2/0 group compared with controls maintained in pH 6.5 softwater, whereas 5.2/Al fish suffered a 50% reduction in growth rate on the same diet. The 5.2/Al fish accumulated large amounts of Al on the gills, reaching an initial peak after 4 days, followed by a decline at 7 days, and a secondary rise thereafter. Therefore acclimation and recovery of whole body ionic status was not associated with a reduction in the gill Al burden. Some of the metabolic costs of acclimation to Al, namely a continued impairment of swimming speed and growth, are discussed in light of the physiological and structural changes reported to occur at the gills.

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“…Salmonids living in low pH waters grow more slowly than those in neutral or alkaline waters (Edwards & Hjeldens 1977, Rosseland et al 1980, Lacroix et al 1985, Mount et al 1988). The Atlantic salmon exposed to low pH in this study were shorter and lighter than their control counterparts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic effects of low pH on length and weight of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Perry

1990

Environ Biol Fish

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SynopsisMeasurements were made on Atlantic salmon from five sources in New England. Fish were reared at pH 7.0 and 5.2 from hatch to 199,270 or 440 days. Length and weight were smaller in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, that were continuously exposed to low pH in the laboratory. Length and weight in neutral pH water varied among fish from the different sources. Fish from the Green Lake, Craig Brook, and Tunison sources were not significantly different in their lengths over time. Cortland and landlocked Atlantic salmon were not significantly different from one another but were significantly different from the other three sources. At pH5.2, there were no significant differences in length between fish from any of the five sources. The Cortland salmon were significantly different from the other four sources in respect to their weight over time at neutral pH. At pH5.2, there were no significant differences between any of the five sources.

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Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Acid, Aluminum, and Low Calcium on Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 1. Survival, Growth, Fecundity, and Progeny Survival

Cited by 67 publications

References 18 publications

Assessing Population Responses to Multiple Anthropogenic Effects: A Case Study with Brook Trout

Assessing Population Responses to Multiple Anthropogenic Effects: A Case Study with Brook Trout

Swimming performance, whole body ions, and gill Al accumulation during acclimation to sublethal aluminium in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Chronic effects of low pH on length and weight of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

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