Effect of long-term smoking on salivary flow rate and salivary pH

Singh, Mala; Ingle, Navin Anand; Kaur, Navpreet; Yadav, Pramod; Ingle, Ekta

doi:10.4103/2319-5932.153549

Cited by 39 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…This result was in accordance with Mala et al research in 2016 which stated that the mean of salivary flow rates in smokers is lower than non-smokers [3]. Seven subjects had hypersalivation were subjects with smoking duration less than 10 years and the number of cigarettes smoked less than 8 cigarettes a day.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The oral cavity is the main entrance of toxic substances from cigarettes, whereas saliva is the main biological fluid exposed to cigarette smoke that contains various toxic substances who responsible for structural and functional changes in saliva [3]. Long-term smoking will change salivary flow rates and salivary Ph [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-term smoking will change salivary flow rates and salivary Ph [3,4]. Decreased salivary flow rates may affect the oral cavity homeostasis process [3,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saliva serves for digestion, protection (viruses, fungi, and bacteria), taste sensation, protecting the oral mucosa, pH balance, and tooth remineralization [3,6]. Changes in salivary flow rates have an important role in the pathogenesis of dental and oral diseases [3,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Relationship between Salivary Flow Rates and The Amount of Candida in Saliva in Smokers

Nelis¹

2018

Proceedings of the International Dental Conference of Sumatera Utara 2017 (IDCSU 2017)

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Abstract-Smoking is one of the predisposing factors for oral candidiasis. The mechanism is possibly caused by chemical substances in cigarettes that can provide nutritionS for candida, local changes in epithelium that which leads to candida colonization, decreased antibodies in saliva and decreased salivary flow rates. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between salivary flow rates and the amount of Candida in smoker's saliva. This research was an observational analytic with cross sectional design. The samples consist of 40 healthy smokers with age range between 20-45 years. The method used to collect unstimulated salivary is spitting method. Quantity of candida is counted using colony counter and ISO 7218 formula. Data was analyzed by Anova and Pearson correlation. The result showed that the difference of average candida in every group of salivary flow rates was not significant (p=0.852). Pearson correlation analysis confirmed that correlation were in the weak category (close to 0) with value of significance 0.308. As conclusion, salivary flow rates didn't have significant effect toward amount of candida in the smoker's saliva.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-term smoking will change salivary flow rates and salivary Ph [3,4]. Decreased salivary flow rates may affect the oral cavity homeostasis process [3,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Relationship between Salivary Flow Rates and The Amount of Candida in Saliva in Smokers

Nelis¹

2018

Proceedings of the International Dental Conference of Sumatera Utara 2017 (IDCSU 2017)

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“…10 The salivary flow rate is a modulator of salivary acidity (pH), thus, if the salivary flow rate is small, a small amount of bicarbonate then will be produced, resulting in low salivary pH. 12 Consequently, salivary flow rate and salivary pH can be considered as factors that play an important role in maintaining oral health. 13 In addition, the changes in salivary pH and salivary flow rate are influenced by the duration of smoking and the level of nicotine labeled on the cigarette.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between pH and flow rate of salivary smokers related to nicotine levels labelled on cigarettes

Saputri

Nasution

Surbakti

et al. 2017

Dent. J. (Maj. Ked. Gigi)

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(r = -0.376 and p<0.017). On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between nicotine levels levels labeled on cigarettes with salivary pH of those smokers (r = -0.107, p>0.512). There was no correlation between nicotine levels labeled on cigarettes and salivary pH of those smokers (r = -0.216, p>0.181). Nevertheless, there was a significant correlation between salivary flow rate and salivary pH of those smokers (r= 0.686, p<0.00,). Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between the intensity of smoking with salivary flow rate and its pH. However, there is no correlation between nicotine levels labeled on cigarettes and both salivary flow rate as well as salivary pH.

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The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health—a systematic review and meta-analysis

Thiem,

Donkiewicz,

Rejaey

et al. 2023

Clin Oral Invest

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Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of electronic cigarettes on periodontal health compared to conventional cigarette smoke and a non-smoking population. Materials and methods MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were screened for literature. Eligibility criteria included clinical studies published between 2006 and 2022 that compare e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health (bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL), tooth loss, molecular inflammation markers, salivary flow rate). Meta-regression analysis was used to examine the influence of moderator variables. Results Sixteen studies were found to be eligible for qualitative synthesis. Individual analyses showed that cigarette smokers had significantly higher PI, PD, AL, and MBL and increased concentrations of proinflammatory mediators than e-cigarette users and non-smokers. Meta-analysis revealed a 0.33-fold lower chance for BoP in e-cigarette users compared to smokers (p = 0.03), whereby meta-regression failed to detect any effects regarding the age of users and frequency of smoking. A 0.01-fold decreased chance for positive BoP in e-cigarette users compared with non-smokers was seen (p < 0.01). Conclusions The current findings suggest that that e-cigarette use might be considered a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking concerning periodontal health. Even so, harmful effects of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) usage on periodontal health were seen as well. However, a definitive decision on this research question remains elusive due to the absence of randomized controlled trials. Clinical relevance Electronic cigarettes, marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, are becoming increasingly popular. Evidence on the use of electronic cigarettes as a cessation aid and its beneficial impact compared to cigarette smoke remains inconclusive, so the analysis conducted in this review addresses a recent question of high clinical relevance.

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Effect of long-term smoking on salivary flow rate and salivary pH

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Relationship between Salivary Flow Rates and The Amount of Candida in Saliva in Smokers

Relationship between Salivary Flow Rates and The Amount of Candida in Saliva in Smokers

The correlation between pH and flow rate of salivary smokers related to nicotine levels labelled on cigarettes

The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health—a systematic review and meta-analysis

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