ABSTRAKMerokok merupakan suatu kebiasaan yang lazim ditemukan pada manusia saat ini dan merupakan ancaman terbesar bagi masa depan kesehatan dunia. Nikotin adalah kompon en toksik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada rokok. Paparan nikotin yang berkepanjangan pada kelenjar ludah menjadi faktor penyebab proses patologis atau kelainan morfologi dan fungsional kelenjar ludah, terutama sel-sel asinar dan sel-sel mioepitel.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat gambaran laju aliran saliva pada perokok serta mengetahui pengaruh lama merokok dan jumlah rokok yang dihisap terhadap laju aliran saliva. Jenis penelitian ini adalah survei analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel penelitian 90 orang yang diambil secara proporsional dan dibagi menjadi 9 kriteria. Pengumpulan unstimulated saliva menggunakan metode Spitting. Analisis data menggunakan uji Krusskal-Wallis dengan Pos Hoc Mann-Whitney.Rata-rata laju aliran saliva pada perokok adalah 0,36 SD±0,207 ml/menit. Uji Krusskal-Wallis untuk melihat pengaruh merokok terhadap laju aliran saliva menunjukkan nilai p< 0,05 (p=0,012). Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara lama merokok dan jumlah rokok yang dihisap dengan laju aluran saliva. Kata kunci : lama merokok, jumlah rokok, laju aliran saliva. ABSTRACTSmoking is a habbit which is commonly found and it is the biggest threat for future world's health. Nicotine is toxic components that is the most widely contained in cigarette. Prolonged exposure to nicotine on salivary gland is a causative factor of pathological processes or morphological and functional abnormalities of salivary gland, especially acinar cells and myoepithelial cells.The purpose of research to know the representation salivary flow rate smokers and the influence of smoking duration and number of cigarettes which are smoked to the salivary flow rate. This study was an analytical survey with cross sectional design. Total samples 90 persons were taken proportionally and divide into 9 criteria. Collecting unstimulated salivary used spitting method. Data analysis used the krusskal-wallis test and pos hoc mann-whitney.The mean (SD±) salivary flow rate were 0,36 (±0,207) ml/min in smokers and krusskal-wallis test to looked the influences of salivary flow rate showed a value of p< 0,05 (p=0,012). The study showed that there were significant influence between smoking duration and number of cigarettes which are smoked with the salivary flow rate.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a  gram-negative anaerobic bacteria which is an oral normal microflora located in subgingival area.This bacteria can cause inflamation and delayed wound healing after dental invasive procedures. Lidocaine 2% and articaine 4% are the most used anaesthetic agents in dentistry. Both of these agents have been studied for having antibacterial effect in certain concentrations. This will open the possibility of using local anaesthetic agents as antibacterial agent in dental invasive procedures to prevent infection after procedures. The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference inhibition of local anaesthetics drug lidocaine 2% and articaine 4% on the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in vitro. The study subject was pure culture of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 divided by two group, one group  with lidocaine 2% and other with  articaine 4%. This study was experimental laboratory with post test only control group design. The mean of inhibitions were obtained by measuring inhibition zone formed around paper discs with caliper in milimeter scale. The result showed Inhibition rate lidocaine 2% had greater rate than articaine 4% in inhibiting the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in vitro.The conclusion was lidocaine 2% was more effective than articaine 4% in inhibiting the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in vitro. Keywords: Antibacteria, Local anaesthetic,  Lidocaine 2%, Articaine 4%, Porphyromonas gingivalis

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative anaerobic bacteria which is an oral normal microflora located in subgingival area.This bacteria can cause inflamation and delayed wound healing after dental invasive procedures. Lidocaine 2% and articaine 4% are the most used anaesthetic agents in dentistry. Both of these agents have been studied for having antibacterial effect in certain concentrations. This will open the possibility of using local anaesthetic agents as antibacterial agent in dental invasive procedures to prevent infection after procedures. The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference inhibition of local anaesthetics drug lidocaine 2% and articaine 4% on the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in vitro. The study subject was pure culture of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 divided by two group, one group with lidocaine 2% and other with articaine 4%. This study was experimental laboratory with post test only control group design. The mean of inhibitions were obtained by measuring inhibition zone formed around paper discs with caliper in milimeter scale. The result showed Inhibition rate lidocaine 2% had greater rate than articaine 4% in inhibiting the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in vitro.The conclusion was lidocaine 2% was more effective than articaine 4% in inhibiting the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in vitro.

Abstract-Smoking is one of the predisposing factors for oral candidiasis. The mechanism is possibly caused by chemical substances in cigarettes that can provide nutritionS for candida, local changes in epithelium that which leads to candida colonization, decreased antibodies in saliva and decreased salivary flow rates. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between salivary flow rates and the amount of Candida in smoker's saliva. This research was an observational analytic with cross sectional design. The samples consist of 40 healthy smokers with age range between 20-45 years. The method used to collect unstimulated salivary is spitting method. Quantity of candida is counted using colony counter and ISO 7218 formula. Data was analyzed by Anova and Pearson correlation. The result showed that the difference of average candida in every group of salivary flow rates was not significant (p=0.852). Pearson correlation analysis confirmed that correlation were in the weak category (close to 0) with value of significance 0.308. As conclusion, salivary flow rates didn't have significant effect toward amount of candida in the smoker's saliva.

Inflammation  is a tissue response  towards  damaging  physical  or chemical  stimulations.  One local sign of inflammation  is  edema  (tumor).  Usage  of  natural  herbal  medicine  has  become  an  alternative  way  to  prevent inflammation.  The extract of umbi sarang semut (Myrmecodia  tuberosa Jack) has anti-inflammation,  anti-bacterial and  antioxidant  properties.  This  study  is  to  determine  the  anti-inflammation  effect  of  the  topical  application  of Myrmecodia  tuberosa Jack ethanol extract. This study used 28 white male rats previously  induced with carragenin 2%  b/v  0,5ml  and  divided  into  4  treatment  groups.  Groups  1,2  dan  3  were  given  the  ethanol  extract  with  a concentration  of 0,5 %; 1%; 2% respectively  after induction and on 24, 48 and 72 hours after the first application. Group 4 was the untreated control group. Each treatment group were extracted for their inflammation  exudate fluid from their backs using a 1 ml syringe. Edema fluid volume was measured. The results showed a decrease of edema fluid volume on all treatment groups.   Statistical data analysis showed a significant difference between group 2 and the negative  control;  also between  group  3 and the negative  control.  In conclusion,  the topical  ethanol  extract  of Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack can reduce inflammation reactions. Keywords: Myrmecodia  tuberosa  Jack, anti-inflammation,  topical, edema fluid volume