Effect of low-frequency intensity noise on high-frequency direct modulation of semiconductor injection lasers

Lau, Kam Y.; Blauvelt, H.

doi:10.1063/1.99646

Cited by 36 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The modulated laser signal was found to be either continuous or pulsing; each has period doubling or is superposed by relaxation oscillations depending on the modulation conditions. Similar experimental results were also reported [9,10].…”

supporting

confidence: 80%

“…It was observed in experiments that the modulated signal of the laser has nonlinear forms with different degrees of signal distortion and noise levels in both regimes of low and high modulation frequencies [10,11]. Explanation of such effects in modulated laser diodes that support more than one mode oscillations and in the deploying fiber links was given phenomenologically in terms of the laser nonlinearity and mode competition [9]. Trustworthy analyses, however, of these frequency domain properties should correlate them with the time-domain characteristics of competition among the oscillating modes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This MC noise does not usually extend beyond a few gigahertz and is generally but erroneously not considered harmful to high frequency microwave systems. However, it has been shown that in a directly modulated laser diode, the low frequency noise can be translated to the neighborhood of the modulation carrier [9], which is a source of signal-induced noise at high frequencies. Although there are several reports on MC noise, its individual contribution to the overall noise of fiber links has not been evaluated.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Theoretical analysis of mode-competition noise in modulated laser diodes and its influence on the noise performance of fibre links

Ahmed

Yamada

2012

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Abstract. We analyze the mode competition (MC) phenomenon in sinusoidally modulated laser diodes and the associated noise. Contribution of MC noise to the noise performance of directly modulated fiber links is evaluated in terms of the noise factor (NF) of the link. MC is analyzed through intensive simulation of laser dynamics and noise basing on a multimode rate equation model that takes into account both symmetric and asymmetric suppressions of the cross-modal gain. Variations of the MC relative intensity noise (RIN) of both the total output and the oscillating modes with modulation conditions are investigated. The obtained results showed that the modulated signal has six distinct waveforms depending on the modulation conditions. The modulated laser oscillates in single mode when the signal is continuous, and converts into multimode when the signal is pulsing. Contribution of MC noise to NF of the link increases with the increase in the modulation depth and with the decrease in the modulation frequency, except when the signal has period doubling. This contribution is negligible under high modulation frequencies when the laser signal is continuous and uniform, and is most enhanced (~53 dB) under low-modulation frequencies when the signal is pulsing and superposed with non-uniform relaxation oscillations.

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confidence: 80%

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical analysis of mode-competition noise in modulated laser diodes and its influence on the noise performance of fibre links

Ahmed

Yamada

2012

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…Recent measurements show that the low frequency relative intensity noise (RIN) can be substantially enhanced for multimode as well as single mode lasers [1]. This effect, which has important systems implications, is not predicted by conventional single mode rate equation modeling of the lasers RIN.…”

Section: Relative Intensity Noisementioning

confidence: 97%

<title>Dynamics of high-frequency lasers</title>

1990

SPIE Proceedings

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For the first time, the rising low frequency relative intensity noise characteristic of semiconductor lasers is explained. Using a multi-mode rate equation analysis, it is shown that the magnitude and shape of the low frequency relative intensity noise is strongly dependent on the values of the differential carrier lifetime at threshold and other laser's parameters. It is further shown that a single mode laser will also exhibit enhanced low-frequency noise unless the side-mode suppression ratio is very high. The rate of spontaneous emission into the guided modes, the nonlinear gain coefficient and the carrier lifetime at lasing threshold are measured using an optical modulation technique. These results are used for understanding the noise and modulation properties of diode lasers.Optoelectronic Signal Processing for Phased-Array Antennas 11(1990) / 7 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/25/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx

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“…1 s h o w the RF spectrum of a directly modulated bulk 1.3 pm-wavelength Fabry-Perot laser. The wings of the RF spectrum surrounding the peak at 3 GHz (modulation frequency) are caused by translatilm of the low-frequency intensity noise to the subcarrier frequency [6]. The different RF spectra are paired with different optical emission spectra (inserts) arising from small changes in the current (.<2 mA) and temperature (5 degrees) at constant power.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-mode coupling and intensity noise in nearly single-mode semiconductor lasers

Sharfin

Schlafer²,

Köteles³

et al.

13th IEEE International Semiconductor Laser Conference

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For the first time, the beat spectra between adjacent modes of a nearly single-mode semiconductor laser are measured. Self-locking processes are observed, indicating the importance of three-mode interactions. Measurements of the laser linewidth and relative intensity noise ire also presented.Longitudinal-mode competition causes many undesirable properties of the noise spectrum o F a nearly single-mode laser, including enhancement of the low-frequency (I 1 GHz) relative intensity noise (RIN) [1,2] and rebroadening of the laser linewidth. Beating between the fields of adjacent modes also causes pulsations in the carrier population and carrier distribution function [3]. Threemode interactions modify the longitudinal mode spectra through four-wave mixing [4] and self frequency-locking [5]. In this paper we show direct experimental evidence for self frequencylocking in a semiconductor laser.In order to illustrate the importance and generality of mode-coupling interactions, Fig. 1 s h o w the RF spectrum of a directly modulated bulk 1.3 pm-wavelength Fabry-Perot laser. The wings of the RF spectrum surrounding the peak at 3 GHz (modulation frequency) are caused by translatilm of the low-frequency intensity noise to the subcarrier frequency [6]. The different RF spectra are paired with different optical emission spectra (inserts) arising from small changes in the current (.<2 mA) and temperature (5 degrees) at constant power. The peculiar shape of the emission spectrum associated with lower RIN suggests that it may originate from the self-frequency modulation of a dominant longitudinal mode at a modulation frequency close to the longitudinal mode separation [5], while the higher-noise spectrum may instead result from the incoherent superposition of multiple, competing modes without a single, dominant mode. Fig. 2 shows the beat spectra of adjacent longitudinal modes in a 2.5-mm.-long InGaAdGaAs SQW laser. The 14 GHz intermode frequency corresponds to a difference of 0.04 nm at the lasing wavelength of 970 nm. The inserts show the gross longitudinal mode spectra (resolution is 0.1 nm). At 1.1 times threshold the beat spectrum shown in Fig. 2a has a width of -20 MHz with iin unresolved shoulder due to the overlap of the beats between the main mode and side modes on either side (i.e., three modes, two beats) with small dispersion. At this power the beat linewidth is in approximate agreement with independent linewidth measurements, if it is assumed that the noi,se between modes is not strongly correlated. At about 1.3 times threshold the side-mode suppression is -30 dB, and the beat spectrum disappears. It reappears in Fig. 2b at about 1.5 times threshold after a sudden locking transition in which the beat frequency is slightly shifted and the beat linewidth dramatically narrows by about four orders of magnitude. This transition is accompanicd by a distinct change in the longitudinal mode spectrum, indicative of self-frequency modulation.Self-frequency modulation (accompanied by amplitude variations) has been independently v...

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Effect of low-frequency intensity noise on high-frequency direct modulation of semiconductor injection lasers

Cited by 36 publications

References 17 publications

Theoretical analysis of mode-competition noise in modulated laser diodes and its influence on the noise performance of fibre links

Theoretical analysis of mode-competition noise in modulated laser diodes and its influence on the noise performance of fibre links

<title>Dynamics of high-frequency lasers</title>

Three-mode coupling and intensity noise in nearly single-mode semiconductor lasers

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