Effect of low-frequency stimulation on kindling induced changes in rat dentate gyrus: an ultrastructural study

Abstract

It has been shown that low-frequency stimulation (LFS) can induce anticonvulsant effects. In this study, the effect of different LFS frequencies on kindling induced behavioral and ultrastructural changes was investigated. For induction of kindled seizures in rats, stimulating and recording electrodes were implanted in perforant path and dentate gyrus, respectively. Animals were stimulated in a rapid kindling manner. Different groups of animals received LFS at different frequencies (0.5, 1 and 5 Hz) following kindling stimulations and their effects on kindling rate were determined using behavioral and ultrastructural studies. Kindling stimulations were applied for 7 days. Then, the animals were sacrificed and their dentate gyrus was sampled for ultrastructural studies under electron microscopy. All three used LFS frequencies (0.5, 1 and 5 Hz) had a significant inhibitory effect on kindling rate and decreased afterdischarge duration and the number of stimulations to achieve stage 4 and 5 seizures significantly. In addition, application of LFS prevented the increase in the post-synaptic density and induction of concave synaptic vesicles following kindling. There was no significant change between anticonvulsant effects of LFS at different frequencies. Obtained results show that LFS application can prevent the neuronal hyperexcitability by preventing the ultrastructural changes during kindling and this may be one of the mechanisms of LFS anticonvulsant effects.

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: Symptoms and Biomarkers

“…These and similar studies demonstrate that more fine-tuned investigations are discovering biological abnormalities for individuals with both FM and ME [ 20 , 21 ], providing evidence for the biological underpinnings of these domains/symptoms and possible biomarkers. In addition, we have provided evidence for the 'kindling hypothesis' [ 14 , 61 , 63 , 367 , 368 ] as a model for better understanding of the etiology of some ME symptoms.…”