Effect of magnesium/calcium ratios in solutions treated by electrodialysis: Morphological characterization and identification of anion-exchange membrane fouling

Ultrasonic Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate in Presence of Seawater Ions

“…result of EDS characterization (Fig. 3), which demonstrates that magnesium co-precipitated with calcium carbonate crystals [20,21,24,32]. Ultrasonic treatment increases the growth rate of calcium carbonate by about 2% in this work (Fig.…”

“…The presence of Mg 2+ and SO 4 2− ions in the solution increases the nucleation time and decreases the growth rate [20][21][22][23], mostly promotes the aragonite form [20,23,24], and has the possibility to incorporate into the lattice of calcium carbonate crystals depend on the concentration, temperature and growth rate [20,25,26]. However, the effects of other ion species on the crystallization of calcium carbonate are incompletely investigated.…”

“…On the one hand, the solubility of calcium carbonate increased in the presence of Mg 2+ or SO 4 2 − , causing the driving force for crystal growth-supersaturation gets smaller. On the other hand, both Mg 2+ and SO 4 2− have a tendency to substitute into the lattice of calcium carbonate crystal for the shape and size of Mg 2+ /SO 4 2 − are respectively similar to that of Ca 2+ /CO 3 2− [20,21,23,24,32], thus making the growth step slower which includes adsorption and desorption steps of foreign ions onto the nuclei. Magnesium is found in CaCO 3 crystals from the No US a 70 119 78 116 126 126 145 290 US 12 41 31 38 22 31 44 72 a "US"refers to"Ultrasound".…”

Impact of pulsed electric field on electrodialysis process performance and membrane fouling during consecutive demineralization of a model salt solution containing a high magnesium/calcium ratio

“…These studies have continuously reported an undesirable mineral fouling formation on CEMs and AEMs [20,22], mainly when using solutions containing a high Mg/Ca ratio such as in milk [23], hindering the good performance of ED processes, especially when using a basified concentrate solution [20]. In a recent study with the application of PEFs, Casademont et al [21] minimized the mineral fouling formation on CEM during ED of model salt solutions with casein, enhancing the demineralization rate and observing lower energy consumption.…”

Microscopic approach for the identification of cationic membrane fouling during cheddar cheese whey electroacidification

“…It can be due to a deposit of colloidal matter, inorganic compounds, or macromolecules at the interface or into the membranes, resulting in the decrease of electrodialysis performance [5][6][7][8][9][10]. For industrials acting in the field of electromembrane processes and for membrane scientists it is of great interest to have new information on the nature of fouling in order to anticipate or to eliminate these foulings with proper configurations, methods of treatment, or appropriate cleaning procedures [11]. Consequently, to improve the method of whey delipidation by BMEA, it is necessary to identify the nature of the deposit on the membranes.…”