Effect of membrane integrity on survival competition of Botrytis cinerea upon QoI fungicide pyraclostrobin

Abstract

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of the grey mould disease, developed resistance to multiple fungicides. However, the role of cell membrane in survival competition of B. cinerea upon quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide has not yet been elucidated. In this paper, the enhancement of cystamine, a transglutaminase inhibitor, on membrane integrity of B. cinerea was determined, and the effect of the enhancement on the sensitivity of B. cinerea to pyraclostrobin was investigated. The results showed that pyraclostrobin inhibited mycelial growth with EC50 as 1.122 and 3.042 μg/ml at 24 and 48 hr, respectively. In the treatment of 5 and 50 μg/ml pyraclostrobin, membrane integrity of B. cinerea was broken, causing high permeability, lipid peroxidation, flocculent and malformed surface with vague septum and abundant agglomerates inside and outside the mycelia. Cystamine even at 50 and 200 μg/ml had little inhibitory effect on mycelial growth. However, in presence of 50 or 200 μg/ml cystamine, the mycelia from pyraclostrobin treatment possessed a significantly reduced leakage, lower MDA content, and a revived fibrous and transparent surface. Meanwhile, SEM images showed that membrane integrity of the mycelia was significantly improved and the agglomerates were dramatically disappeared. Synergy assays further revealed that B. cinerea regained less sensitivity to pyraclostrobin inhibition. In conclusion, membrane integrity controls mycelia sensitivity and is required for survival competition of B. cinerea upon pyraclostrobin.

Synergistic Effects of Oligochitosan and Pyraclostrobin in Controlling Leaf Spot Disease in Pseudostellaria heterophylla

“…Oligochitosan can be applied as an agricultural antibiotic in order to inhibit the growth of pathogens and as a biostimulant inducer in order to activate the resistance of plants to disease [27,28,[31][32][33]. In addition, pyraclostrobin is a broad-spectrum and efficient strobilurin fungicide [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Wang et al [35] found that oligochitosan combined with tebuconazole could effectively improve kiwifruit's resistance to soft rot disease.…”

“…Meanwhile, as a systemic, protective, and therapeutic fungicide, pyraclostrobin can protect crops, vegetables, and fruit trees from many fungal pathogens, including Basidiomycetes, Oomycetes, Hemimycetes, and Ascomycetes, etc. [19][20][21]. In a previous study, a 60% pyraclostrobin/metiram water-dispersible granule containing 5% pyraclostrobin exhibited good activity against the leaf spot pathogen Alteraria tenuissima, with an EC 50 value of 531.211 µg mL −1 [9].…”

Chitosan as an Adjuvant to Enhance the Control Efficacy of Low-Dosage Pyraclostrobin against Powdery Mildew of Rosa roxburghii and Improve Its Photosynthesis, Yield, and Quality

“…Pyraclostrobin is a good protective, therapeutic and systemic fungicide that can inhibit the electron transfer between cytochrome b and c1 in the mitochondrial respiration of various fungal pathogens such as Ascomycetes , Basidiomycetes , Hemimycetes , and Oomycetes , etc. [ 13 , 14 ]. Chitosan has favorable antifungal activity and induces resistance to various plant diseases [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

“…Due to its good protective, therapeutic and systemic properties, pyraclostrobin is widely registered for controlling many plant diseases of fruit trees, vegetables and grains caused by various fungal pathogens, including Ascomycetes , Basidiomycetes , Hemimycetes , and Oomycetes , etc. [ 13 , 14 ]. It mainly inhibits the electron transfer between cytochrome b and c1 in mitochondrial respiration of pathogenic cells, so that mitochondria cannot normally provide the required energy for cell metabolism, thereby achieving a bactericidal effect [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Determination of pyraclostrobin residue in wax gourd and its dietary risk assessment

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Original Article registration data of China Pesticide Information Network (http:// www.chinapesticide.org.cnhysj/index.jhtml), pyraclostrobin has been registered in 79 crops, such as rice, wheat, peanut, cucumber, pepper, potato, onions, watermelon, apple, honeysuckle, tea and so on. Besides, it can improve crop physiological function and enhance crop stress resistance (Li et al, 2020;Xiong et al, 2020). However, pyraclostrobin is highly toxic to fish, invertebrates and amphibians in aquatic ecosystems (Mao et al, 2020;Skanes et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2017).

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