Effect of menstrual cycle phase on sprinting performance

Tsampoukos, A; Peckham, Esther A.; James, R. W.; Nevill, Mary E.

doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1384-z

Cited by 79 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Lactate threshold findings are equivocal with some reports of stable values throughout the cycle [87,88], whilst others describe lower blood lactate concentrations in the luteal phase during moderate-intensity activity [89]. Sprint performance as measured via power output seems unaffected by menstrual cycle phase [90]. Investigations into muscle contractile strength during the cycle have produced conflicting results, however, when methodological shortcomings are addressed it appears that fluctuations in female steroid hormones do not affect muscle strength and fatigability [73].…”

Section: 1) Menstrual Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Applied Physiology of Female Soccer: An Update

et al. 2014

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The popularity and professionalism of female soccer has increased markedly in recent years, with elite players now employed on either a professional or semi-professional basis. The previous review of the physiological demands of female soccer was undertaken two decades ago when the sport was in its relative infancy. Increased research coupled with greater training and competition demands warrants an updated review to consider the effect on physical performance and injury patterns.The physical demands of match-play along with the influence of factors such as the standard of competition, playing position and fatigue have been explored. Total distance covered for elite female players is approximately 10 km, with 1.7 km completed at high-speed (>18 km.h -1 ). Elite players complete 28% more high-speed running and 24% more sprinting than moderate level players. Decrements in high-speed running distance have been reported between and within halves, which may indicate an inability to maintain highintensity activity. Although physical capacity of female players is the most thoroughly researched area comparisons are difficult due to differing protocols. Elite players exhibit maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) values of 49.4 -57.6 ml.kg -1 .min -1 , Yo Yo Intermittent Endurance test level 2 (YYIE2) scores of 1774 ± 532 m (mean ± SD) and 20 m sprint times of 3.17 ± 0.03 s (mean ± SD). Reasons for the increased prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in females (2-6 times greater than males) are discussed with anatomical, biomechanical loading and neuromuscular activation differences being cited in the literature. This review presents an in-depth contemporary examination of the applied physiology of the female soccer player.Applied Physiology of Female Soccer 2 1) Introduction The last review of the physiological demands of female soccer was undertaken two decades ago [1] . At the time of that review, women's soccer was in its relative infancy with the inaugural Women's World Cup having taken place in 1991. The popularity of women's soccer has increased markedly in recent years with 29 million participants recorded in 2011, an increase of 34% from 2000 [2]. The 2015 Women's World Cup will have 24 participating nations, an increase of eight from the previous tournament.Since the previous review, increasing attention in the scientific literature has focused on women's soccer with over two thousand scientific articles published. There has been a drive towards professionalism in the sport with players at the highest level now employed on a professional or semi-professional basis. Current elite players are exposed to greater training volumes and competition demands than ever before, consequently these increased physical demands may have implications for both physical performance levels and injury patterns. Inline with these changes, advances in technology available for monitoring athletes has led to greater opportunities to scientifically support players and thus information regarding the modern elite female player...

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Section: 1) Menstrual Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Applied Physiology of Female Soccer: An Update

et al. 2014

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“…Differences in the estradiol and progesterone concentration between follicular and luteal phases may cause different reactions to exercise in women, depending on the menstrual cycle (11,13).…”

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Effect of sex and menstrual cycle in women on starting speed, anaerobic endurance and muscle power

Więcek

Szymura

Maciejczyk

et al. 2016

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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The aim of our study was to compare the indicators of starting speed, anaerobic endurance and power in women as well as men, and to investigate whether the values of these indicators differ in women during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The studied group included 16 men and 16 women. The subjects performed the 20-second maximal cycling sprint test. The men performed the test twice at 14-day intervals. The women undertook the test 4 times: twice during the middle of follicular phase and twice in the middle of luteal phase in separate menstrual cycles. Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle do not influence anaerobic performance, starting speed or anaerobic endurance in women. Anaerobic performance in men is higher than in women with similar aerobic performance expressed as VO 2 max/LBM (lean body mass). A lower power decrease with time was noted for women than men, with a similar time of maintaining power in both groups. This is evidence of women's better anaerobic endurance compared to men. At the same time, the men had significantly better starting speed rates than women.Keywords: anaerobic power, anaerobic exercise, acid-base homeostasis, gender differences, menstrual cyclePrevious studies have clearly showed significant differences in anaerobic power between men and women, indicating the reason for the differences to be inter-sex differences in muscle histology and enzyme activity associated with anaerobic metabolism (2, 12). However, in previous studies, the impact of women's menstrual cycle on the level of analyzed indicators were not always taken into account, which are essential in the evaluation of anaerobic performance, i.e. peak and mean anaerobic power (8,10,15). Other important indicators of anaerobic performance in sports are the speed of obtaining the maximum power (i.e. the time necessary to obtain maximum power from the start) and anaerobic endurance

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“…(TABLE 2). Of these studies, nine employed a menopause model with and without HRT [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] , while six used the menstrual cycle [54][55][56][57][58][59][60] . One study used a pubertal model 59 and the remaining studies used OC's [61][62][63] .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…One study used a pubertal model 59 and the remaining studies used OC's [61][62][63] . Muscle function was assessed through a variety of measures including; maximal dynamic 53 and isometric 58 strength, endurance 46 , performance 60 , power 45 and functional capacity 48 . Despite signi cant changes in oestrogen concentration, none of these studies were able to demonstrate the putative role of oestrogen in determining muscle strength.…”

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confidence: 99%

The relationship between oestrogen and muscle strength: a current perspective

Elliott‐Sale

2014

Rev. bras. educ. fís. esporte

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The relationship between muscle strength and oestrogen is ambiguous and is still largely unresolved. The evidence for and against an effect of oestradiol on determinants of muscle function is equivocal and often contradictory. The bulk of the research in this area was performed during the eighties and nineties, using models of reproductive functioning such as; the menstrual cycle, the menopause and hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives and in vitro fertilisation treatment, to alter the female hormonal milieu. In the last decade, approximately 15 papers have demonstrated a relationship, both positive and negative, between the concentration of oestrogen and skeletal muscle strength. Conversely, around 20 articles have not shown any infl uence of oestrogen on a number of strength measures. The majority of these studies were performed using post-menopausal and eumenorrheic females. Most current studies use hormonal assays to confi rm oestrogen status, however no recent studies have reported the bioavailable concentration of oestradiol. Similarly, no research in the last 10 years has used in vitro fertilisation treatment or pregnancy as acute and chronic models of supra-physiological changes in sex hormone concentration. Future work should focus on performing meta-analyses on each of the key components of muscle strength in an attempt to elucidate a causal relationship. In addition, models of reproductive functioning that cause the greatest magnitude of change to oestrogen concentration should be used, while controlling as many confounding factors as possible.

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Effect of menstrual cycle phase on sprinting performance

Cited by 79 publications

References 37 publications

Applied Physiology of Female Soccer: An Update

Applied Physiology of Female Soccer: An Update

Effect of sex and menstrual cycle in women on starting speed, anaerobic endurance and muscle power

The relationship between oestrogen and muscle strength: a current perspective

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