Effect of milling parameters on HSLA steel parts produced by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

Lopes, José Gabriel Pereira; Machado, Carla M.; Duarte, Valdemar R.; Rodrigues, Tiago A.; Santos, Telmo G.; Oliveira, J.P.

doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.10.007

Cited by 110 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It has many advantages such as high deposition rate [ 1 ], low equipment cost, high material utilization, and environmental friendliness. It is a versatile and cost-effective method to fabricate complex parts and large-sized components [ 2 ]. It included three types of processes, namely, gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and plasma welding (PAW).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Properties of ER50-6 Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Miao

Wang

et al. 2021

Scanning

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In this paper, ER50-6 steel was fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) with an A-W GTAW system. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behaviors of ER50-6 steel by WAAM were studied. The results showed that, with the GMAW current increased, from the bottom to the top of the sample, the microstructure was fine ferrite and granular pearlite, ferrite equiaxed grains with fine grains at grain boundaries, and columnar ferrite, respectively. The average hardness in the vertical direction of samples 1# and 2# was 146 and 153 HV, respectively. The hardness of sample 2# increased because of the refinement of grain. The pores in the sample increased as the bypass current increased. The higher bypass current also has a deterioration effect on the corrosion behavior of ER50-6 steel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Properties of ER50-6 Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Miao

Wang

et al. 2021

Scanning

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“…For these different applications, a wide range of raw materials have been used such as metal, ceramics, glass, paper, wood, cement, graphene, and even living cells [11]. Currently, several AM processes with high deposition rates have been used in high production volumes [12,13], but most AM applications are still limited to that of small-to medium-sized productions, due to the relatively low production speed, unsatisfactory fabrication quality, and relatively high cost per part (especially for smaller production volume). The production cost, as one of the critical aspects of sustainability (along with environmental and social sustainability), plays a guiding role in the evaluation of a new manufacturing process [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost Modeling and Evaluation of Direct Metal Laser Sintering with Integrated Dynamic Process Planning

Yang

2020

Sustainability

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Additive manufacturing technologies have been adopted in a wide range of industries such as automotive, aerospace, and consumer products. Currently, additive manufacturing is mainly used for small-scale, low volume productions due to its limitations such as high unit cost. To enhance the scalability of additive manufacturing, it is critical to evaluate and preferably reduce the cost of adopting additive manufacturing for production. The current literature on additive manufacturing cost mainly adopts empirical approaches and does not sufficiently explore the cost-saving potentials enabled by leveraging different process planning algorithms. In this article, a mathematical cost model is established to quantify the different cost components in the direct metal laser sintering process, and it is applicable for evaluating the cost performance when adopting dynamic process planning with different layer-wise process parameters. The case study results indicate that 12.73% of the total production cost could be potentially reduced when applying the proposed dynamic process planning algorithm based on the complexity level of geometries. In addition, the sensitivity analysis results suggest that the raw material price and the overhead cost are the two key cost drivers in the current additive manufacturing market.

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“…Thus, the balling phenomenon happens during the SLM process, which is detrimental to the quality (Ref 20). Selective laser melting is one of the additive manufacturing processes that can produce samples with a lower surface roughness than the rest (Ref [21][22][23][24]. However, in general, additive manufacturing samples have higher surface roughness than conventionally produced samples (Ref 25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying the Microstructural Effect of Selective Laser Melting and Electropolishing on the Performance of Maraging Steel

Ahmadkhaniha

Möller

Zanella

2021

J. of Materi Eng and Perform

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Selective laser melting is one of the additive manufacturing technologies that have been known for building various and complicated shapes. Despite numerous advantages of additive manufacturing technologies, they strongly influence the microstructure and typically show a relatively high surface roughness. In this study, maraging steel was produced by selective laser melting (SLM), and its microstructure, hardness and corrosion behavior before and after heat treatment were studied and compared to traditionally manufactured ones (wrought, forged samples). In addition, the effect of electropolishing on the surface roughness was evaluated. The microstructural study was carried out by scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron backscattered diffraction in three different sections: parallel to the top surface (xy), transverse cross section (xz) and longitudinal cross section (yz). The same characterization was applied to heat-treated samples, austenitized and quenched as well as the aged ones. The results showed that selective laser melting produced a fine grain martensitic structure (in the as-printed condition) with a surface roughness (Ra) of about 10 µm. There was no sign of preferred texture or anisotropy in the microstructure of as-print SLM materials. The SLM microstructure was similar in all 3 sections (xy, xz and yz). Despite finer microstructure, nano-hardness and corrosion behavior of SLM and conventional wrought maraging steel in heat-treated conditions were similar. Aging resulted in the maximum nano-hardness and the minimum corrosion potential values. Precipitation has the main role in both hardness and corrosion behavior. Electropolishing was optimized and reduced the surface roughness (Ra) by 65%.

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Effect of milling parameters on HSLA steel parts produced by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

Cited by 110 publications

References 25 publications

Microstructure and Properties of ER50-6 Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Microstructure and Properties of ER50-6 Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Cost Modeling and Evaluation of Direct Metal Laser Sintering with Integrated Dynamic Process Planning

Studying the Microstructural Effect of Selective Laser Melting and Electropolishing on the Performance of Maraging Steel

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