Effect of N‐palmitoylethanolamine‐oxazoline on comorbid neuropsychiatric disturbance associated with inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and it is associated with different neurological disorders. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the gut‐brain‐axis has a central function in the perpetuation of IBS, and for this reason, it can be considered a possible therapeutic target. N‐Palmitoylethanolamine‐oxazoline (PEA‐OXA) possesses anti‐inflammatory and potent neuroprotective effects. Although recent studies have explained the neuroprotective properties of PEA‐OXA, nothing is known about its effects on the gut‐brain axis during colitis. The aim of this study is to explore the mechanism and the effect of PEA‐OXA on the gut‐brain axis in rats subjected to experimental colitis induced by oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Daily oral administration of PEA‐OXA (10 mg/kg daily o.s.) was able to decrease the body weight loss, macroscopic damage, colon length, histological alteration, and inflammation after DSS induction. Additionally, PEA‐OXA administration enhanced neurotrophic growth factor release and decreased the astroglial and microglial activation induced by DSS. Moreover, PEA‐OXA restored intestinal permeability and tight junctions (TJs) as well as reduced apoptosis in the colon and brain. In our work, we demonstrated, for the first time, the action of PEA‐OXA on the gut‐brain axis in a model of DSS‐induced colitis and its implication on the “secondary” effects associated with colonic disturbance.

Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides: Prohomeostatic Lipid Compounds for Animal Health and Wellbeing

“…The protective factor was found to be a lipid fraction from the egg yolk (which was also identified in peanut oil and soybean lecithin) and discovered to be a particular lipid amide known as palmitoyl ethanolamide, PEA [21,22] The protective properties of PEA led many researchers to investigate its presence in other natural sources. PEA was thus found in the seeds of some varieties of legumes, such as peas and beans [23,24], as well as green/roasted coffee and cocoa [25][26][27]. Moreover, many other food sources of PEA were progressively discovered, like, for example, tomatoes, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), potatoes, carrots, walnuts, peanuts, wheat flour, barley, tuna fish, and vegetable oils [23][24][25][26].…”

“…PEA was thus found in the seeds of some varieties of legumes, such as peas and beans [23,24], as well as green/roasted coffee and cocoa [25][26][27]. Moreover, many other food sources of PEA were progressively discovered, like, for example, tomatoes, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), potatoes, carrots, walnuts, peanuts, wheat flour, barley, tuna fish, and vegetable oils [23][24][25][26]. Moreover, high levels of PEA were also found in human, bovine, and elk milk [25,[28][29][30] (Table 1).…”

Inhibition of P2X7 Purinergic Receptor Ameliorates Fibromyalgia Syndrome by Suppressing NLRP3 Pathway

“…Immunofluorescence analysis was performed on sections (7 μm) of brain as previously described [ 72 ]. Briefly, after deparaffinization, the sections were boiled in 0.1 M citrate buffer for 1 min.…”

ALIAmides Update: Palmitoylethanolamide and Its Formulations on Management of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain

“…It has been observed that PEA-OXA has a greater efficacy in reducing inflammation and hyperalgesia when compared to PEA [133], probably due to pharmacological modulation of NAAA. Moreover, PEA-OXA has been shown to improve the behavioural assessment that is associated with biochemical alterations and neuroinflammation [134][135][136].…”