2020
DOI: 10.1002/pip.3317
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Effect of Na‐PDT and KF‐PDT on the photovoltaic performance of wide bandgap Cu (In,Ga)Se2 solar cells

Abstract: Cu (In,Ga)Se 2 solar cells exhibit higher efficiencies if an appropriate Ga gradient is introduced and if the absorber is doped with sodium (Na) plus a heavier alkali atom such as potassium. However, a Gallium gradient in the presence of Na is challenging because sodium impedes the interdiffusion of elements and influences the gradient. In this contribution, we show that the presence of sodium during growth with the combination of high Ga concentration creates a pronounced gradient that is detrimental for carr… Show more

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Cited by 14 publications
(14 citation statements)
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“…Figure 4(a) shows the temperature-dependent V OC of a cell on SLG substrate, for different illumination intensities. Extrapolation of the data points to T=0 K can be interpreted as the transition energy of the dominant recombination channel [31][32][33] . In our case, the high-temperature data extrapolates to about 1.21 eV, very similarly both before and after treatment.…”
Section: Other Changesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Figure 4(a) shows the temperature-dependent V OC of a cell on SLG substrate, for different illumination intensities. Extrapolation of the data points to T=0 K can be interpreted as the transition energy of the dominant recombination channel [31][32][33] . In our case, the high-temperature data extrapolates to about 1.21 eV, very similarly both before and after treatment.…”
Section: Other Changesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…PDTs have been used to incorporate both heavy (e.g., K, Rb, Cs), [ 127,197 ] and light (e.g., Na, Li), [ 127,197 ] dopant atoms into the CIGSSe absorber layer, and have been scaled for production of large‐area modules, illustrating their feasibility and industrial scalability. [ 198 ] Among the alkali halide salts, alkali‐fluorides are commonly employed owing to the high stability of the fluorine ion (F − ), and the compound's thermal decomposition facilitated by selenium, to volatile SeF 6 or SeF 2 which desorb from the CIGSSe surface thereby limiting halide contamination.…”
Section: Doping In Vacuum Processed Cu(inga)(sse)2 Absorbersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[ 116,118,206 ] These results cemented the importance of adding sodium to the absorber layer and spurred research on developing new incorporation strategies. [ 207 ] Over the years, several contradictory results relating to the effect of Na addition to the CIGSSe absorber appeared including i) grain size (increased, [ 204,208,209 ] decreased, [ 197,210–213 ] no relation, [ 28,214 ] ) ii) preferentially oriented growth (promoted (220/204) growth, [ 215 ] promoted (112) growth [ 216,217 ] ), iii) decreased concentration of traps or deep levels, [ 196,218 ] iv) GB passivation [ 28,104,214,219–221 ] ), and v) p‐type conductivity (increased, [ 28,115,222 ] decreased, [ 51,223,224 ] ). The differences in findings can be related to the vast differences in absorber composition and growth conditions.…”
Section: Doping In Vacuum Processed Cu(inga)(sse)2 Absorbersmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Also the GGI grading, important to achieve high-efficiency absorbers, is influenced by the presence of Na [94,95], which however is different for polycrystalline and epitaxial films: it appears that Na supports the intragrain interdiffusion of In and Ga, whereas it hampers the intergrain diffusion. The latter effect was used, for example, by Zahedi-Azad et al [96] who used substrates with a diffusion barrier to reduce the Na concentration during the growth of wide bandgap (high Ga) absorbers to smoothen the Ga grading and increase the efficiency.…”
Section: Alkali Addition: Doping and Interface Modificationmentioning
confidence: 99%