Effect of Nanosulfur Against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Ultrastructural Analysis of Differences in the Growth and Maturation of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Biofilm on Biotic and Abiotic Surfaces

“…Poststerilization, they were carefully placed on soft tryptic soy agar. Then, 5 μL (~1 × 10 6 CFU/mL) of the bacterial suspension was placed on the filters, which were incubated at 37°C and saturated humidity for 72 h to reach a mature biofilm state, as previously reported ( 22 ). The filters were sequentially removed after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and placed into 4% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.24, a fixative for electron microscopy analysis.…”

“…The samples were washed in tap water and stored at −80°C until further use, as previously described ( 13 ). The methodology for this experiment was adapted from a previously validated and optimized methodology for S. pseudintermedius culture using a canine skin model ( 22 ). Briefly, the frozen skin explants were slowly brought to room temperature, and using a sterile size 11 stainless steel surgical blade (Integra Miltex, PA, USA), abrasions were created on the epidermis to mimic a wound to facilitate biofilm adhesion.…”

“…The explants were then washed twice in sterile deionized water (5 min each time) before being carefully placed on soft tryptic soy agar. Then, 5 μL (~1 × 10 6 CFU/mL) of bacterial suspension was placed on the explants, which were incubated at 37°C and saturated humidity for 72 h to achieve mature biofilms ( 22 ). Similarly to the membrane filter experiment, the skin explants were removed and placed into 4% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation for electron microscopy analysis.…”

A novel quaternized carbon dot–papain complex for the double-target anti-biofilm activity and visualization-ratio fluorescence dual-mode detection of H2O2

“…1 The complex biological structure endows the biofilm with strong resistance to external pressure, host defense, and traditional antibacterial agents, making effective treatment more difficult. 2 Recently, the preparation of carbon dots (CDs) with the antibacterial function and the study of their antibacterial mechanism have attracted extensive attention and are expected to be used in the treatment of biofilm infections. CDs have already made remarkable achievements in resisting planktonic bacteria, and the surface group, charge, particle size, and element doping 3,4 have been found to be crucial to the antibacterial properties of prepared CDs.…”

“…1 The complex biological structure endows the biofilm with strong resistance to external pressure, host defense, and traditional antibacterial agents, making effective treatment more difficult. 2…”