Effect of nicotine replacement therapy on post-cessation weight gain and nutrient intake: A randomized controlled trial of postmenopausal female smokers

Allen, Sharon; Hatsukami, Dorothy K.; Brintnell, Dawn M.; Bade, Tracy

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.003

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Nicotine affects nutrient intake in humans (25). These variables were therefore identified as possible confounds and the analysis was adjusted accordingly.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Intrauterine Growth Restriction Is Associated With Higher Spontaneous Carbohydrate Intake in Young Women

Barbieri¹,

Portella

Silveira

et al. 2009

Pediatr Res

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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with metabolic disorders in adulthood. In rats, an early adverse environment alters food preferences in adult life. We investigated whether IUGR is associated with spontaneous macronutrient preferences in humans. Two thousand sixty-three participants from a Brazilian birth cohort were evaluated at 24 y of age using a food frequency questionnaire, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical assays (glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides). IUGR was defined by the birth weight ratio (BWR ϭ birth weight/mean weight for gestational age). Individuals were classified as non growth restricted (BWR Ն0.85), moderately growth restricted (0.85 Ͼ BWR Ն 0.75), and severely growth restricted (BWR Ͻ0.75). Severe IUGR women consumed a greater carbohydrate to protein ratio, even after controlling for social variables. There was a continuous association between growth restriction and later carbohydrate to protein ratio consumption in women. Women from both IUGR groups had a larger waist to hip ratio (WHR). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was comparable between the groups. IUGR women preferred carbohydrates to protein in their regular diet, suggesting that spontaneous food choices may precede the appearance and contribute to the risk for metabolic diseases in this group. (Pediatr Res 65: 215-220, 2009) S tudies have shown that low birth weight, a marker for adverse fetal conditions, is associated with metabolic disorders in adulthood, predicting insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (1), hypertension (2), obesity (3) and cardiovascular disease (4), especially in cases where there is evidence of postnatal body weight catch-up during childhood. Thus, feeding patterns and accelerated weight gain during the postnatal period are crucial mediators of the risk for subsequent obesity, cardiovascular disease (5), and insulin resistance (6).The developing organism may use the maternal intrauterine environment's hormonal milieu as a signal to indicate conditions that will exist in the postnatal environment (7) to favor the adaptation to the environment in which it will develop. Therefore, for a fetus reared in a stressful environment with possible shortage of nutrients, metabolic and neurochemical patterns would be adjusted very early during development favoring energy storage for the individual's survival.Studies in animals propose that altered eating and exercise behaviors precede the development of obesity and insulin resistance (8 -10). Exposure to a high fat diet further exacerbates the metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities in these animals (8). In our previous studies in rats (11,12), we demonstrated that early life experience affects sweet food intake later in life. These findings would indicate that adverse perinatal events in humans could affect an individual's voluntary food choices for palatable foods, influencing the risk for metabolic diseases in adult life. We tested this hypothesis in a birth cohort followed to adulthood i...

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“…Nicotine affects nutrient intake in humans (25). These variables were therefore identified as possible confounds and the analysis was adjusted accordingly.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Intrauterine Growth Restriction Is Associated With Higher Spontaneous Carbohydrate Intake in Young Women

Barbieri¹,

Portella

Silveira

et al. 2009

Pediatr Res

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“…However, given the health and addiction issues surrounding smoking, it is unlikely that non-prescription nicotine based weight control products could enter the market without considerable demonstration of efficacy and absence of psychological side effects both during treatment and at cessation. At the moment, nicotine preparations are almost exclusively used to delay post cessation weight gain [78,79,80]. …”

Section: Phytochemicals That Decrease Body Weight Through a Combinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemicals in the Control of Human Appetite and Body Weight

Tucci

2010

Pharmaceuticals

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Since obesity has grown to epidemic proportions, its effective management is a very important clinical issue. Despite the great amount of scientific effort that has been put into understanding the mechanisms that lead to overconsumption and overweight, at the moment very few approaches to weight management are effective in the long term. On the other hand, modern society is also affected by the growing incidence of eating disorders on the other side of the spectrum such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa which are equally difficult to treat. This review will try to summarise the main findings available in the literature regarding the effect of plants or plant extracts (phytochemicals) on human appetite and body weight. The majority of plant extracts are not single compounds but rather a mixture of different molecules, therefore their mechanism of action usually targets several systems. In addition, since some cellular receptors tend to be widely distributed, sometimes a single molecule can have a widespread effect. This review will attempt to describe the main phytochemicals that have been suggested to affect the homeostatic mechanisms that influence intake and body weight. Clinical data will be summarised and scientific evidence will be reviewed.

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“…There is no indication that the amount of weight gain expected during use of VLNC cigarettes would exceed that of other means of quitting without pharmacotherapy. Research is warranted to determine if NRTs (12, 31, 32), varenicline (13), or bupropion (22), which attenuate post-cessation weight gain, would similarly mitigate the weight gain observed in smokers of VLNC cigarettes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing nicotine exposure results in weight gain in smokers randomised to very low nicotine content cigarettes

et al. 2016

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Background The Food and Drug Administration can reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes to very low levels. This potential regulatory action is hypothesized to improve public health by reducing smoking, but may have unintended consequences related to weight gain. Methods Weight gain was evaluated from a double-blind, parallel, randomized clinical trial of 839 participants assigned to smoke one of six investigational cigarettes with nicotine content ranging from 0.4 mg/g to 15.8 mg/g or their own usual brand for six weeks. Additional analyses evaluated weight gain in the lowest nicotine content cigarette groups (0.4 mg/g and 0.4 mg/g, high tar) to examine effect of study product in compliant subjects as assessed by urinary biomarkers. Differences in outcomes due to gender were also explored. Findings There were no significant differences in weight gain when comparing the reduced nicotine conditions with the 15.8 mg/g control group across all treatment groups and weeks. However, weight gain at Week 6 was negatively correlated with nicotine exposure in the two lowest nicotine content cigarette conditions. Within the two lowest nicotine content cigarette conditions, both male and female smokers biochemically verified to be compliant on study product gained significantly more weight than non-compliant smokers and control groups. Conclusions The effect of random assignment to investigational cigarettes with reduced nicotine on weight gain was likely obscured by non-compliance with study product. Men and women who were compliant in the lowest nicotine content cigarette conditions gained 1.2 kg over six weeks, indicating weight gain is a likely consequence of reduced exposure to nicotine.

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Effect of nicotine replacement therapy on post-cessation weight gain and nutrient intake: A randomized controlled trial of postmenopausal female smokers

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Severe Intrauterine Growth Restriction Is Associated With Higher Spontaneous Carbohydrate Intake in Young Women

Severe Intrauterine Growth Restriction Is Associated With Higher Spontaneous Carbohydrate Intake in Young Women

Phytochemicals in the Control of Human Appetite and Body Weight

Reducing nicotine exposure results in weight gain in smokers randomised to very low nicotine content cigarettes

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