Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment by full-mouth disinfection or scaling and root planing per quadrant in halitosis—a randomized controlled clinical trial

Abstract

This study contributed to the knowledge that non-surgical periodontal therapy, whether by FMD or QS, was effective in reducing halitosis in individuals with advanced chronic periodontitis.

Self‐reported halitosis in a sample of Brazilians: Prevalence, associated risk predictors and accuracy estimates with clinical diagnosis

“…Halitosis assessment was performed through the organoleptic method. Individuals were instructed to avoid spicy food, alcoholic drinks and mouthwashes 2 days prior to halimetry, as well as to avoid coffee, candies or breath mints, or wearing perfumes or any scented body product at the day of the examination (Silveira et al, ). During the assessment, individuals kept their mouths closed, breathing only through the nose for 3 min.…”

“…Afterwards, they were told to exhale slowly through their mouths at a distance of 10 cm from the nose of the trained examiner (JOS) that was blinded for the answers of the questionnaire. To determine intra‐examiner agreement, clinical examinations were previously performed in a group of 10 individuals and repeated within one week retrieving a weighted kappa value of 0.84 (Silveira et al, ). Halitosis was then classified as clinical (organoleptic score ≥2) and strong (organoleptic score ≥4), as previously suggested (Rosenberg, Kulkarni, Bosy, & McCulloch, ).…”

“…Halitosis, also referred as oral malodour or bad breath, is the general definition of an unpleasant or offensive odour emanating from the oral cavity, caused by intra‐oral and extraoral sources (Rösing & Loesche, ). The intra‐oral aetiology is primarily associated with the metabolism of the oral microbiota from periodontal diseases and tongue coating, whereas extraoral causes may comprise conditions involving the gastrointestinal tract, upper and lower respiratory system, diabetes, liver problems, the use of medications, certain foods and idiopathic conditions (Madhushankari et al, ; Silveira et al, ).…”

“…Halitosis is a condition that has negative social and psychological impacts. It can cause social embarrassment and discomfort for both individuals with this condition and people around them, triggering low self‐esteem, especially affecting interpersonal relationships and quality of life (Guedes et al, ; de Jongh, Wijk, Horstman, & Baat, ; Silveira et al, ). Given the high prevalence of halitosis, its complex aetiology and consequences, dental professionals should be aware of their roles in the prevention and management of halitosis (Silva et al, ).…”

“…The diagnosis of halitosis can be performed by different methods such as organoleptic assessments and volatile sulphur compound (VSC) measures (Aydin, Bollen, & Özen, ; Nakhleh, Quatredeniers, & Haick, ; Silveira et al, ). The most frequent, and determined to be the gold standard, is the organoleptic method where a trained professional evaluates the odour emanating by the individual during a clinical examination.…”