Effect of orally administered combination of Caulerpa racemosa and Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr extracts on phagocytic activity of macrophage

Abstract

Background and purpose: Polysaccharide sulfate is a major active phytochemical constituent of Caulerpa racemosa , whereas the Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr has antioxidant properties. The aim of this research was to investigate the combined effect of polysaccharide sulfate that was isolated from C. racemosa and E. americana on the macrophage activity. Experimental approach: The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of E. americana extracts in water and various ethanol concentrations were studied using the Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl- hydrate (DPPH) methods, respectively. Polysaccharide sulfate was isolated from C. racemosa by precipitation method. To assess the macrophage activity, mice were treated orally for 14 days with either a combination of polysaccharide sulfate and E. americana 96% ethanol extract at a specific ratio or with each extract alone. Macrophages were isolated and the phagocytic activity was measured by assessing the ability of the macrophages to phagocytose latex particles and nitric oxide (NO) levels were assessed using a colorimetric assay. Findings / Results: The E. americana crude extract in water exhibited the highest yield (13.04%), compared with the extract in 96% ethanol, which had the highest phenolic content (6.37 ± 0.16 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) and the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50, 22.63 ± 1.09 μg/mL). The combination of extracts, when both extracts were administered at 65:65 mg/kg BW, resulted in the highest increases in phagocytosis activity (62.73 ± 5.77%) and NO levels (16.43 ± 1.37 μmol/L). Conclusion and implications: The results of this study confirmed the non-specific immunostimulant properties of the combination of polysaccharide sulfate and E. americana and justified their use in traditional medicine. The observed increase in macrophage activity appeared to be correlated with the increased ability of mice to fight infection.

Sea grapes extract improves blood glucose, total cholesterol, and PGC-1α in rats fed on cholesterol- and fat-enriched diet

“…Sea grapes extract-treated group demonstrated similar efficacy in lowering blood glucose as Metformin (Qudus B Aroyehun et al, 2020), hence, sea grapes may have an hypoglycaemic effect. A hyperglycaemic state may induce oxidative stress that could be detrimental to insulin-sensitive tissues such as the liver, which may cause damage to the organ (Bugianesi 2005;Manna 2010;Palsamy 2010).…”

Metabolomic Assay, Computational Screening, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Caulerpa racemosa as an Anti-obesity With Anti-aging by Altering Lipid Profile and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Coactivator 1-α Levels

“…Sea grapes ( Caulerpa racemosa ) or lawi-lawi (local Indonesian term) is a species of green algae classified as the Caulerpaceae family that has been found in the waters around Sulawesi ( 17 ). Sea grapes are harvested intensively because they are an important source of macronutrients and micronutrients, especially in East and Southeast Asia (commercially grown in ponds and consumed in parts of the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam) as the main source of traditional diets ( 18 ), although it is still used for health products.…”

Sea grapes extract improves blood glucose, total cholesterol, and PGC-1α in rats fed on cholesterol- and fat-enriched diet

“…Sea grapes ( Caulerpa racemosa ) or lawi-lawi (Indonesia-local terminology) is a species of editable green alga, seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family found in waters surrounding Sulawesi ( Pakki et al, 2020 ). Sea grapes are harvested intensively as they are an important source of macronutrients and micronutrients, especially in East and South-East Asia (grown commercially in ponds and consumed in the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam) as a major part of the traditional diet ( Chen et al, 2019 ).…”