Effect of Passage on the Development of Carbendazim Resistance in Gloeosporium ampelophagum Causing Anthracnose of Grapes

Abstract

Fungicide carbendazim is recommended to manage anthracnose of grapes in orchards which is important disease in India. The wild sensitive isolate GA-1 was studied both in vitro and in vivo on grapes. Culturing wild type isolate continuously for five successive passages on carbendazim individually increased resistance significantly. However, reduced resistance was observed when pathogen was cultured alternately or in mixture with different fungicides of amide and conazole groups. Similar type of results was obtained on the grape berries. Use of difenoconazole and myclobutanil alternately and difenoconazole, myclobutanil and propiconazole in mixture appeared to be most useful to break the development of carbendazim resistance in pathogen.

Modeling the Effects of the Environment and the Host Plant on the Ripe Rot of Grapes, Caused by the Colletotrichum Species

“…Because the control of ripe rot under these conditions is often ineffective and may result in fungicide residue problems [67], growers should prevent the disease through timely fungicide applications, from flowering to véraison. In this context, our model can contribute to the scheduling of fungicides based on the risk of infection rather than on the calendar; scheduling fungicides according to the risk of infection results in an effective control of the downy and powdery mildew of grapevines with less use of chemicals [20,21] and, as a consequence, in a reduced risk of resistance to fungicides in Colletotrichum populations [68][69][70][71].…”

In vitro effect of four fungicides on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnosis on the Red Globe grape variety

“…Grapes are one of the most economically important crops in the world (Khilare & Chavan, 2010;Lei, et al, 2016). In Colombia, the planted area is 2,500 ha and the production in 2016 was 30,156 t with an average yield of 10.51 t.ha -1 .…”

“…One of the pathologies of fungal origin affecting the crop is anthracnose, which has been reported in Japan (Shiraishi, et al, 2006), India (Khilare & Chavan, 2010;Shetty, et al, 2014), China (Lei, et al, 2016) and Australia (Greer, et al, 2011). The disease, caused by species of the genus Colletotrichum, affects a wide variety of crops and fruit trees including grapes (Vitis vinifera) (Lei, et al, 2016), especially in tropical and subtropical areas (Hyde, et al, 2009;Wikee, et al, 2011;Cannon, et al, 2012;Lei, et al, 2016); this genus has been designated as the eighth most important group of pathogenic plant fungi in the world for its economic and scientific importance (Dean, et al, 2012).…”

“…C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum have been found in Australia and in the United States (Greer, et al, 2011;Nita, 2015). In India, the disease is attributed to Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Khilare & Chavan, 2010) and recently in Colombia, an isolate genetically close to C. aenigma and C. siamense, both belonging to the C. gloeosporioides complex (López-Zapata, et al, 2019), was identified as the agent causing anthracnose in grape fruits.…”

“…For example, wild C. gloeosporioides isolates are sensitive to carbamate methyl-benzimidazole fungicides while C. acutatum is tolerant to this group (Han, et al, 2018). Likewise, different studies indicate that carbendazim, of the benzimidazoles group, has lost effectiveness on G. ampelophagum in grapes (Khilare & Chavan, 2010;Sawant, et al, 2014) and C. gloeosporioides in strawberries and yam (Han, et al, 2018). Similarly, C. gloeosporioides isolated from mango and strawberry in Taiwan showed resistance to benzimidazoles.…”