Effect of patterned electrospun hierarchical structures on alignment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: Biomimicking bone

Abstract

Considering the complex hierarchical structure of bone, biomimicking the micro and nano level features should be an integral part of scaffold fabrication for successful bone regeneration. We aim to biomimic the microstructure and nanostructure of bone and study the effect of physical cues on cell alignment, proliferation, and differentiation. To achieve this, we have divided the scaffolds into groups: electrospun SU-8 nanofibers, electrospun SU-8 nanofibers with UV treatment, and micropatterned (20 μm sized ridges and grooves) SU-8 nanofibers by photolithography with UV treatment. Two types of culture conditions were applied: with and without osteoinduction medium. In vitro cell proliferation assays, protein estimation, alkaline phosphatase osteodifferentiation assay, live dead assay, and cell alignment studies were performed on these micropatterned nanofiber domains. Our findings show that patterned surface induced an early osteodifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells even in absence of osteoinduction medium. An interesting similarity with the helicoidal plywood model of the bone was observed. The cells showed layering and rotation along the patterns with time. This resembles the in vivo anisotropic multilamellar bone tissue architecture thus, closely mimicking the subcellular features of bone. This might serve as a smart biomaterial surface for mesenchymal stem cell differentiation in therapeutics where the addition of external chemical factors is a challenge.

Sustained delivery of PlGF-2123-144*-fused BMP2-related peptide P28 from small intestinal submucosa/polylactic acid scaffold material for bone tissue regeneration

“…8,9 Therefore, the development of a more efficient bone repair material is a primary goal for researchers in this eld. [10][11][12][13][14] Recently, natural extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has drawn increasing attention due to its superior bioactivity and biomimetic microenvironment in osteogenic differentiation and bone remodeling. 15,16 The main components of decellularized SIS are collagen I and glycosaminoglycans, which contain multifarious bioactive proteins, including bronectin, tenascin C, brinogen, and growth factors.…”

Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Regeneration

“…Scaffolds for bone tissues should have the following characteristics: an optimal release rate of signaling molecules, good cell adhesion to allow efficient cell seeding and localized induction, and the ability to rapidly get replaced by bone tissue. Various aspects of scaffold structure have been studied and considered, including suitable materials for bone tissue regeneration, pore size, and three-dimensional structure [117,118]. However, there is still no broad consensus on their ideal traits, including the optimal material for bone tissue regeneration, sustained release and biodegradability, and use of a three-dimensional structure.…”

The Use of Electrospun Organic and Carbon Nanofibers in Bone Regeneration

“…The characteristics required in scaffolds for bone tissue include the adhesiveness of induced cells for localized seeding and sustained release of signaling molecules. The appropriate type, thickness, length, pore size, and three-dimensional structure of the fiber for bone regeneration are being studied [91][92][93]. However, further studies must be conducted to determine the optimal structure for bone tissue regeneration.…”