Effect of permanent magnet stirring on solidification of Sn-Pb alloy

Quality Control of High Carbon Steel for Steel Wires

“…In comparison with electromagnetic stirring, permanent magnetic stirring has stronger stirring intensity, lower energy consumption, simpler structure, lower requirement for cooling, and lower cost. Before the development and application of an industrial permanent magnetic stirrer during the continuous casting of steel in 2014, a permanent magnetic stirrer was always used in non-ferrous metal industries like melting furnace of aluminum [39] or low-melting-point alloy [40,41]. Although Kobayashi [42], Kawami [43], and Hagiwara [44] have conducted industrial pilot tests during steel casting using permanent magnetic stirring, there has been no further industrial application.…”

Interactive Relationship between the Superheat, Interfacial Heat Transfer, Deposited Film and Microstructure in Strip Casting of Duplex Stainless Steel

“…As a result of the enhanced heat transfer during the solidification process, the melt can be undercooled and nucleation rate can be increased markedly. 45) Therefore, once the number of nuclei in the unit volume increases as well as the nucleation rate, there would be less space for each grain to grow and further refine the as-cast grain size. 45,46) In addition, by increasing the melt superheat, there will be an increase in the rate of heat transfer between the melt and the mold, the local solidification time will be reduced which tends to generate a finer microstructure.…”

“…45) Therefore, once the number of nuclei in the unit volume increases as well as the nucleation rate, there would be less space for each grain to grow and further refine the as-cast grain size. 45,46) In addition, by increasing the melt superheat, there will be an increase in the rate of heat transfer between the melt and the mold, the local solidification time will be reduced which tends to generate a finer microstructure. 46) The maximum heat flux and pouring temperature in the case of HS4 test (10.44 MW m − 2 and 1 803 K) are much higher than the case of LS4 test (7.28 MW m − 2 and 1 753 K), meanwhile, the particles formed in the deposited films for HS4 are also smaller and denser than the case of LS4 (Fig.…”

Effect of Aging Treatment on Microstructural Evolution of Rapidly Solidified Eutectic Sn-Pb Alloy Powders

“…Eutectic Sn-Pb is the most crucial solder alloy with excellent electrical conductivity, good wettability, acceptable plasticity and low melting point properties [1]. In previous decades, it has been used as a joining material for the packaging and interconnection of electronic components and devices, and as solders for temperature-sensitive components, optoelectronics modules, printed circuit, plumbing and assembly of sheet metal parts [2][3][4].…”