Effect of person

Wh, Gantt; Je, Newton; Fl, Royer; Jh, Stephens

doi:10.1007/bf02691039

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…W. Horsley Gantt, the scientist who worked with Pavlov in Russia, later established his own laboratory in North America and advanced Pavlov's work. The term they used for the procedure, "Person as CS," is quite telling (Gantt et al 1966). It makes clear that both Gantt and Pavlov were concerned with the effects of a particular person, rather than the general class "people."…”

Section: Humans As Predictorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prediction and Preparation: Pavlovian Implications of Research Animals Discriminating Among Humans

Davis

2002

ILAR Journal

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A growing body of evidence suggests that animals of various species can discriminate among the humans with whom they have regular contact. This discriminative ability has considerable implications for research. Because animal life is hedonistic, there is a strong incentive for animal subjects to predict the events that bring them pleasure and pain. Many research settings attempt to deliver hedonic stimuli under strictly regulated conditions without formal warning. Nevertheless, the possibility remains that the presence of a particular human may signal delivery of an important event, thus allowing the animal to prepare for its occurrence. In Pavlovian terms, humans become walking conditioned stimuli, eliciting measurable conditioned responses from animal subjects. These preparatory responses may take behavioral, physiological, and/or motivational forms and modulate the effects of the variables under study. The discussion addresses practical implications of knowing that discrimination among humans by animal subjects may affect one's research agenda.

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Section: Humans As Predictorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prediction and Preparation: Pavlovian Implications of Research Animals Discriminating Among Humans

Davis

2002

ILAR Journal

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“…These results confirm that laboratory rats can tell individual humans apart, a prerequisite for associating them with hedonic events. Such human-based conditioning, described by Pavlov and by Gantt, Newton, Royer,and Stephens (1966),may have important implications for animal research in a variety of settings.Can the ubiquitous laboratory rat recognize individual humans? There is evidence that, like many animals, rats can discriminate individuals within their own species (Halpin, 1980; Hopp, Owren, & Marion, 1985;Randall, 1989).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Preference for familiar humans by rats

Davis

Taylor

Norris

1997

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Many "higher" animals are commonly assumed to distinguish between individual humans. This belief is based largely on anecdotal reports; in reality, there is little empirical evidence to support human recognition in nonhuman species. Wereport that laboratory rats consistently chose a familiar human over an unfamiliar human following fourteen and five IO-min exposures and even following a single IO-min exposure. Furthermore, this preference was retained in the absence of additional contact for at least 5 months. These results confirm that laboratory rats can tell individual humans apart, a prerequisite for associating them with hedonic events. Such human-based conditioning, described by Pavlov and by Gantt, Newton, Royer,and Stephens (1966),may have important implications for animal research in a variety of settings.Can the ubiquitous laboratory rat recognize individual humans? There is evidence that, like many animals, rats can discriminate individuals within their own species (Halpin, 1980; Hopp, Owren, & Marion, 1985;Randall, 1989). Indeed, Thor and Holloway (1982) describe rats as "normally engaging in spontaneous learning of individual identity" (p. 1000). But can such individuals be of another species, and, more specifically, can they be human?The recognition by animals of individual humans is not without precedent. For example, there is evidence that dogs (Settle, Sommerville, McCormick, & Broom, 1994), sheep (Fell & Shutt, 1989), pigs (Tanida, Miura, Tanaka, & Yoshimoto, 1995), and prairie dogs (Slobodchikoff, Kiriazis, Fischer, & Creef, 1991) can tell humans apart. However, there is as yet no comparable evidence that rats can distinguish individual people.Whether rats can discriminate between humans may have implications beyond the study of animal cognition. If research animals, such as rats, can differentiate one human from another, and this human is repeatedly paired with significant hedonic events in the animal's life, Pavlovian conditioning is likely to occur. Most research entails the delivery of hedonic stimuli, either through daily care or experimental manipulation. Gantt, Newton, Royer, and Stephens (1966) recognized this human-based conditioning process and described it in terms of "person as CS." Davis and Balfour (1992) surveyed evidence that such an associative process may have motivational effects that raise methodological concerns for animal-based research.This research was supported in part by Grant A0673 to the first author from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. All animals were cared for in accordance with the University of Guelph Animal Care Policy and Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines. A portion of these data was reported at 1994 meetings ofthe Animal Behavior Society and the Psychonomic Society. The authors wish to thank Lill Svendsen and Susan Boehnke for their technical assistance. Correspondence should be addressed to H. Davis, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada NIG 2WI (e-mail: hdavis@uoguelph.ca).Although it is not o...

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“…It is simply that if animals are able to recognise and discriminate among the humans with whom they have regular contact, then these same persons can become predictors of the salient events (food, pain) in the animals' lives. This represents a well-established Pavlovian process (Gantt et al, 1966), in which a particular person becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) or predictor for the hedonic events occurring in an organism's life (Davis and Balfour, 1992). The implications of human-based Pavlovian conditioning are considerable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination between individual humans by domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus domesticus )

Davis¹,

Taylor²

2001

British Poultry Science

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1. We demonstrate that Barred-Rock and Isa-Brown hens can discriminate between the presence of 2 different humans and use this information as a cue for whether or not to make an operant response. 2. This demonstration in domestic fowl, the first of its kind in any avian subject, is consistent with a growing body of evidence that many species, including agricultural animals, are surprisingly adept at differentiating between humans. 3. Such a discriminative ability carries considerable implications for issues related to husbandry, production and welfare.

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Effect of person

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Prediction and Preparation: Pavlovian Implications of Research Animals Discriminating Among Humans

Prediction and Preparation: Pavlovian Implications of Research Animals Discriminating Among Humans

Preference for familiar humans by rats

Discrimination between individual humans by domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus domesticus )

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