Effect of Physical Exercise on Renal Response to Head-Out Water Immersion.

Abstract

Head-out water immersion (HOI) induces various renal functional changes, such as diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis. The present study was undertaken 1) to characterize the renal response to HOI in Koreans who routinely ingest high salt diet and 2) to evaluate the impact of exercise on the renal response to HOI. Six healthy male subjects (average Na+ intake of 232 mEq.day-1) were immersed upto the neck in 34.5 degrees C water and rested in a seated position or exercised on a bicycle ergometer for 3 hours. In resting subjects, we observed a reversible increase in urine flow and a decrease in urine osmolality, with no changes in creatinine clearance. The peak urine flow observed during the second hour of immersion was 4-fold greater than the pre-immersion level. The excretion of total osmotic substances rose progressively during the 3-hour immersion, which was accompanied by a similar change in Na+ excretion. The K+ excretion was slightly elevated. The major component of the immersion diuresis was a water diuresis in the early phase and an osmotic diuresis in the late phase of immersion. In exercising subjects, the diuretic and natriuretic responses to HOI were attenuated and the kaliuretic response was potentiated. Blood hemoglobin concentration and plasma levels of renin, ADH, and aldosterone decreased during immersion-rest, but they remained unchanged or increased during immersion-exercise. These results suggest that 1) the cardiac mechanoreceptor-mediated renal responses to HOI are not changed by chronic high salt diet, and 2) excessive urinary sodium and water losses are prevented by exercise during immersion.

Whole body immersion and hydromineral homeostasis: effect of water temperature

“…Asterisks denote significant difference between variables measured in urine sampled at U2 (before immersion) and U3 (immediately after immersion had ended) (*P \ 0.05; **P \ 0.01; ***P \ 0.001). was used to show significant difference between 34 and 10°C (P \ 0.01) Eur J Appl Physiol (2010) 108:49-58 55 Hammerum et al 1998;Rim et al 1997). Similar observations have already been reported during head-out water immersion (Epstein 1992;Gabrielsen et al 2002;Larsen et al 1994;Norsk 1992).…”

“…These hormonal changes should disrupt the hydromineral equilibrium present before immersion, increasing both water and mineral losses during immersion. Increased renal blood flow, reduced release of hormones contributing to renal preservation of water and sodium, and the release of natriuretic peptides converge to increase urinary flow and natriuresis during water immersion (WI) (Epstein 1996;Hammerum et al 1998;Rim et al 1997). Thus, water and mineral losses that are conspicuous during immersion, and dehydration with residual hypovolemia (decrease in volemia), are sequels of prolonged immersion (Mourot et al 2004).…”

Human Physiology in an Aquatic Environment

“…These exercise-associated alterations are likely the effect of increased SNA blunting the mechanoreceptor-mediated suppression of renal SNA during HOWI. In addition, plasma renin and aldosterone remained unchanged while vasopressin was significantly increased (326).…”

“…During HOWI where at rest there are diuretic and natriuretic responses, exercise attenuates these response and potentiates the kaliuretic response (326). These exercise-associated alterations are likely the effect of increased SNA blunting the mechanoreceptor-mediated suppression of renal SNA during HOWI.…”

Effects of Chinese herbal cataplasm Xiaozhang Tie on cirrhotic ascites

“…Among these explorations, many techniques and measures were invented and utilized clinically. For example, "head-out water immersion" was used in Europe and Asia in ancient times (Rim et al, 1997). Tapping of ascites was used in China more than 2000 years ago (Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 2006).…”