Effect of polystyrene particles on lung microvascular permeability in isolated perfused rabbit lungs: role of size and surface properties

Development and performance test of a unipolar diffusion charger for real-time measurements of submicron aerosol particles having a log-normal size distribution

“…These devices were also used to help in the understanding of health effects associated with exposure to combustion generated particles. In addition, these devices were used in fundamental aerosol research on particle generation and growth (Donaldson, Li, & MacNee, 1998;Hamoir et al, 2003;Kim & Choi, 2003;Ku & Maynard, 2005;Pui & Chen, 1997;Wegner & Pratsinis, 2005).…”

Foreign Particles Testing in Orally Inhaled and Nasal Drug Products

“…We do recognize that there exists significant evidence that particle toxicity is dependent on size, due to differences in particle surface area and solubility (1,(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). It is also the case, however, that for ambient air, differences in actual chemical composition between smaller and larger particles adds a further safety concern that is not as relevant for inhalation drug products.…”

Ultrasensitive detection of inhaled organic aerosol particles by accelerator mass spectrometry

“…PM characteristics described above, namely ultra-small size, ultra-low concentrations and carboneous content of the aerosol have made direct detection of particles inhaled under natural conditions impossible to date. Due to strong analytical limitations the majority of PM health effect investigations are based on techniques that use intratracheal instillation instead of inhalation, and even when inhalation takes place, PM concentrations are much greater than 100 mg m À3 (Table 1) (Glover et al, 2008;Nemmar et al, 2001Nemmar et al, , 2002aTakenaka et al, 2001;Oberd€ orster, 2001b;Ferin et al, 1992;Oberdorster et al, 1994;Geiser et al, 2005;Oberd€ orster et al, 2002bOberd€ orster et al, , 2004Oberd€ orster et al, , 1992Simon et al, 1995a;Simon et al, 1995b;Ercan et al, 1991;Gibaud et al, 1996;Nemmar et al, 2002bNemmar et al, , 2003Hamoir et al, 2003;Silva et al, 2005;Kato et al, 2003;Gibaud et al, 1994Gibaud et al, , 1998. In Table 1 we tried to summarize available data on the detection studies of model aerosols in living organisms showing the main problems of particle detection which force the researchers to use high particle doses or inadequate injection routes.…”

“…Polymeric monodisperse beads seem to be prospective model for aerosol investigations due to the following properties: organic matter, low biodegradability, controllable size from several nm to several mm, possibility of surface modification by negative (eCOOH) or positive (eNH 2 ) functional groups, as well as by designing coreshell structures with desirable chemistry. The attraction of polymeric beads, predominantly polystyrene (PS) ones, affects the number of studies using this technique (Table 1) Simon et al, 1995aSimon et al, , 1995bErcan et al, 1991;Gibaud et al, 1996;Nemmar et al, 2002bNemmar et al, , 2003Hamoir et al, 2003;Silva et al, 2005;Kato et al, 2003;Gibaud et al, 1994Gibaud et al, , 1998, but again there are some problems in particle registration. When the direct method is used for particle detection, for example, different kinds of microscopy, one has to raise the dose so that intratracheal instillation or intravenous administration is used instead of inhalation (Table 1).…”

“…We used polystyrene beads that were synthesized from styrene labeled with 14 C. This carbon isotope is often used for labeling the functional groups of PS, resulted in the low label concentration related to PS mass and in the necessity to use high doses of particles since the detection is usually carried out by scintillation counting Simon et al, 1995aSimon et al, , 1995bErcan et al, 1991;Gibaud et al, 1996;Nemmar et al, 2002bNemmar et al, , 2003Hamoir et al, 2003;Silva et al, 2005;Kato et al, 2003;Gibaud et al, 1994Gibaud et al, , 1998. We implemented the simple way of 14 C-styrene synthesis from 14 C-methanol with high yield, followed by emulsion polymerization with 14 C-PS beads production.…”