Effect of poor control of film processors on mammographic image quality.

Kimme-Smith, Carolyn; Sun, Huaibo; Bassett, L W; Gold, Richard H.

doi:10.1148/radiographics.12.6.1439016

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Bromide ion levels were increased in the first processor listed above by reducing the replenishment rate as low as possible and then developing scrap film in the modified processor. Because earlier measurements of bromide levels of 24 mammography processors had found an average NaBr concentration of 2.78 g/L, 3 six levels of bromide were tested: 2.26, 2.98, 4.00, 5.53, 6.98, and 8.38 g NaBr/L. The processor operated at 95.3°F ͑35.2°C͒ with three week old chemistry.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Other studies relating sensitometric values to developer component levels have shown the wide range of values present in mammography facilities. 3 The measurement of developer components is not an economic or timely method for checking processor chemistry, but diagnosing processor problems from sensitometric values is not sufficiently specific to allow economic solutions. Often, unnecessary chemistry replacement results from out-ofcalibration sensitometric strip values when either flood replenishment or reduced replenishment rates would have solved the quality assurance problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The range of acceptable bromide ion concentration in a seasoned developer may range from a NaBr concentration of 4-8 g/L 5 or 3-4 g/L for mammography film. 3 These values differ because manufacturers assume that different films have different tolerances for high levels of bromide in the developer and because of the more restrictive tolerances of mammography. Flatgrained films ͑tabular grains͒ are also affected by excess NaBr concentrations with respect to speed and contrast, although this effect is within the 0.15 optical density variation limits of mammography sensitometry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, most mam-mography centers set developer replenishment rates so that the NaBr concentration is below 4.0 g/L. 3 While sensitometric methods are expected to show contrast and speed differences for different replenishment rates, no recommendations have been made based on clinical evaluations for these differences. The contrast, or film gamma, at specific optical densities varies for different films and different processing replenishment rates, as well as for other conditions such as temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mammography film processor replenishment rate: Bromide level monitoring

et al. 1997

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The effects of the mammography film processing replenishment rate on contrast and speed are studied sensitometrically. Two experiments studied decreasing replenishment rates in the Kodak RP developer and quantified changes in the developer by measuring bromide ion concentrations. First, values of NaBr concentration from 1.7 to 8.4 g/L, achieved by reducing the replenishment rate, were tested with sensitometry strips. Second, the developer replenishment rate of a high volume dedicated mammography processor was reduced by one-third, to 20 cm3/1560 cm2, so that the NaBr concentration rose from 2.0 to 12.36. Sensitometric results for four film types and patient films were tested for changes from standard values as NaBr concentration was restored to 3.31 g/L. Fifty-five clinical images obtained at 7.3-9.3 NaBr g/L were compared to their matching previous films, with NaBr levels of 2-3 g/L, for contrast and visibility of the skin line. For the range of the NaBr ion from 1.7 to 7 g/L, no significant sensitometric differences were found. Above 7 g/L, different film types had different sensitometric results. From 7.3 to 9.3 NaBr g/L, 47.5% of the clinical films reviewed by four radiologists had less contrast compared to previous films. Dedicated mammography processors with high film volume (i.e., those that do not have excessive oxidation or foreign dye problems) can operate at lower replenishment rates than are currently employed. All common mammography film types are stable at these lower replenishment rates up to 7.0 NaBr g/L.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mammography film processor replenishment rate: Bromide level monitoring

et al. 1997

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Can mammography screening explain the race difference in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer?

Jones¹,

Kasl²,

Curnen³

et al. 1995

Cancer

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Background. A race difference in the stage at diagnosis of breast cancer is well established: African American women are less likely than white women to be diagnosed at a localized stage. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the observed race (black/white) difference in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer could be accounted for by race differences in the mammography screening history. Methods. This was a population‐based, retrospective study of 145 African American and 177 white women with newly diagnosed breast cancer in Connecticut, between January, 1987 and March, 1989. Cases were ascertained through active surveillance of 22 Connecticut hospitals. Results. Black women were diagnosed more commonly with later stage cancer (TNM stage ⩾II) (age‐adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24‐3.24) than were white women. Blacks were also more likely than whites to report that they had not received a mammogram in the 3 years before development of symptoms or diagnosis (OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.26‐3.35); this association was not altered substantially with adjustment for socioeconomic status. In race‐specific analyses, mammography was protective against later stage diagnosis in white women, but not in black women. With adjustment for mammography screening, the OR for the race‐stage association was reduced only minimally, and race remained a significant predictor of stage at diagnosis. Conclusions. In these population‐based data, history of mammography screening was not an important explanatory variable in the race‐stage association. Specifically, history of mammographic screening accounted for less than 10% of the observed black/white difference in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer.

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Comparison Between the 45-Sec Processing System and the 90-Sec Processing System for Mammography

Yamamoto

Mizushima

Ishida

et al. 1995

Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi

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The observer performance tests of two processing systems were also canied out ． According to the imaging preperties ， the 45・ sec processing system was inferior to the 90 sec processing systern ［ n contrast and MTF ． The results of the observer performance tests using a RMI − 156 phantom also indicated that the 45 − sec precessing system was inferior to the 90 ・ sec processing system ． Qne Qf the main reasQns why the 45 ・ sec pr essing system was worse 、 is thought to be し hat tbe 45 − sec prQcessing canbe obtained sufflcient filrn con し rast and film speed ，

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Effect of poor control of film processors on mammographic image quality.

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Mammography film processor replenishment rate: Bromide level monitoring

Mammography film processor replenishment rate: Bromide level monitoring

Can mammography screening explain the race difference in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer?

Comparison Between the 45-Sec Processing System and the 90-Sec Processing System for Mammography

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