Effect of powder-pack aluminizing on microstructure and oxidation resistance of wire arc additively manufactured stainless steels

Gürol, Uğur; Altınay, Yasemin; Günen, Ali; Bölükbaşı, Ömer Saltuk; Koçak, M.; Çam, Gürel

doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129742

Cited by 37 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…This limitation must be considered when designing castings for servicing stresses. Nonetheless, cast irons remain popular due to their low cost and ability to cast complex shapes with a wide range of properties depending on the composition and cooling rate [4]. Nodular cast iron, alternatively known as ductile iron, spherulitic iron, or spherical graphite iron, is a type of cast iron characterized by the presence of graphite in the form of small spherical nodules embedded within a metallic matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation and Exploring the Microstructural and Thermal Properties of Pseudostem Juice and Cassava Juice as a Quenching Media.

Gbadeyan

2023

Preprint

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The utilization of pseudostem juice and cassava juice as non-Newtonian fluids for quenching applications is examined in this study. These fluids' microstructural and thermal characteristics were investigated and contrasted with those of conventional quenching mediums. The findings demonstrated that these fluids have distinctive qualities that make them attractive substitutes for conventional quenching mediums. The tensile strength of the samples increased when quenched in pseudostem juice of bananas (PJB) at 30 0C and water at 90 0C, exceeding the as-cast value of 435 MPa. Quenching in PJB resulted in a higher tensile strength of at least 442 MPa. Additionally, the hardness value reached its highest point for the sample quenched in banana pseudostem juice at 30 0C and its lowest point for the sample quenched in water at 90 0C, which was 418 BHN. Although lower than its as-cast value, samples of ductile iron that were quenched in water exhibited a slight improvement in impact energy compared to those that were quenched in banana and cassava pseudostem juice. According to the microstructural analysis, the smallest grain sizes for ductile iron samples quenched in pseudostem juice of bananas were 0.18 µm, 0.235 µm, and 0.255 µm, respectively, when quenched at 30 0C. The findings of this study affirm the effectiveness of Pseudostem juice and Cassava juice as quenching media, opening doors to the development of more streamlined and sustainable quenching processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation and Exploring the Microstructural and Thermal Properties of Pseudostem Juice and Cassava Juice as a Quenching Media.

Gbadeyan

2023

Preprint

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“…Compared to laser-based AM technologies, WAAM offers significant superiorities in achieving a higher deposition rate, minimising material loss, and allowing to use low-cost equipment and consumables, therefore exhibiting great potential for manufacturing large-scale near-net-shape metallic structures [11][12][13][14][15]. Thus, this technique keeps attracting significant attention in producing components from a variety of metallic materials [16][17][18][19][20]. Among the various electric arc categories suitable for WAAM, gas metal arc (GMA) possesses a high arc efficiency benefiting from its consumable electrode and a higher tolerance for path planning and omni-directivity when compared with non-consumable categories (e.g., gas tungsten arc (GTA) and plasma transfer arc (PTA)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of 300M ultra-high-strength steel deposited by wire-based gas metal arc additive manufacturing

Wang,

Diao,

Taylor

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Abstract300 M ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) is widely used to produce landing gear components for aircraft. The conventional manufacturing route for these components involves extensive machining and significant material wastage. Here, the application of wire-based gas metal arc additive manufacturing to produce 300 M UHSS parts was investigated. In particular, the influence of torch shielding atmosphere on the process stability and material performance of 300 M UHSS was investigated. The shielding gases used for comparison are pure Ar, Ar with 2.5% CO2, Ar with 8% CO2, Ar with 20% CO2, and Ar with 2% CO2 and 38% He. It was found that the arc length decreased, the transfer mode changed from spray to droplet mode, and spattering became more severe as the CO2 proportion increased. Additionally, replacing Ar with He led to a broader arc core, and a slightly shorter arc length and maintained a spray transfer, which decreased spatter. The wall surface roughness followed the trend in spatter, becoming worse with the increasing CO2 proportion, and better with He addition. Adding CO2 and He in pure Ar significantly increased the bead and wall width. The microstructure and mechanical properties exhibited a strong location dependence in the as-built state, with fresh martensite and higher strength in the top region, and tempered martensite and better ductility in the reheated bulk. Generally, torch shielding gas composition appeared to have no significant effect on the microstructure evolution. This study provides a reference for the subsequent application of gas metal arc additive manufacturing to aircraft landing gear mass production to achieve a high deposition rate and process stability simultaneously.

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Preventing columnar grains growth during hybrid wire arc additive manufacturing of austenitic stainless steel 316L

Albannai,

León‐Henao,

Ramirez

2024

Engineering Reports

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an efficient technique for producing medium to large‐size components, due to its accessibility and sustainability in fabricating large‐scale parts with high deposition rates, employing low‐cost and simple equipment, and achieving high material efficiency. Consequently, WAAM has garnered attention across various industrial sectors and experienced significant growth, particularly over the last decade, as it addresses and mitigates challenges within production markets. One of the primary limitations of WAAM is its thermal history during the process, which directly influences grain formation and microstructure heterogeneity in the resulting part. Understanding the thermal cycle of the WAAM process is thus crucial for process improvement. Typically, fabricating a part using WAAM results in a microstructure with three distinct zones along the build direction: an upper zone (thin surface layer) with fine grains, a middle zone dominated by undesirably long and large columnar grains covering more than 90% of the produced part, and a lower zone with smaller to intermediate columnar grains closer to the substrate material. These zones arise from variations in cooling rates, with the middle zone exhibiting the lowest cooling rate due to 2D conduction heat transfer. Consequently, producing a component with a microstructure comprising three different zones, with a high fraction of large and long columnar grains, significantly impacts the final mechanical properties. Therefore, controlling the size and formation of these grain zones plays a key role in improving WAAM. The aim of this work is to investigate the formation of undesired columnar grains in austenitic stainless steel 316L during WAAM and propose a simple hybrid technique by combining WAAM with a hot forging process (with or without interlayer cooling time). This approach targets the disruption of the solidification pattern of columnar grain growth during deposition progression and aims to enhance the microstructure of WAAM components.

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Effect of powder-pack aluminizing on microstructure and oxidation resistance of wire arc additively manufactured stainless steels

Cited by 37 publications

References 57 publications

Investigation and Exploring the Microstructural and Thermal Properties of Pseudostem Juice and Cassava Juice as a Quenching Media.

Investigation and Exploring the Microstructural and Thermal Properties of Pseudostem Juice and Cassava Juice as a Quenching Media.

Investigation of 300M ultra-high-strength steel deposited by wire-based gas metal arc additive manufacturing

Preventing columnar grains growth during hybrid wire arc additive manufacturing of austenitic stainless steel 316L

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