“…Studies investigating improved conversion rates and shorter start up lag times in anaerobic processes with the addition of conductive materials [139][140][141][142] [143] lay the groundwork for rational design of cathode material for CCPHF since conductive and semi-conductive materials are believed to serve as electrical conduits between species, even compensating for the lack of conductive membrane proteins ( Table 2) as depicted in Figure 11B. [144] These include carbon-based materials like CNTs [141] , carbon cloth [145] , carbon felt [146] , biochar [145,147] , granular activated carbon (GAC) [142,148] , graphite [145,146] ; and metal-based materials like stainless steel [143] , haematite [139] , and magnetite. [139,140] These conductive materials can be used in the fabrication and decoration of CCPHF cathodes to facilitate the occurrence of DIET, for example by creating CNT forests on porous ceramic hollow fibers ( Figure 5).…”