Effect of precipitated calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

Fernando, Niranjala; Thomas, Noreen L.

doi:10.1002/vnl.20109

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Fernandes and Thomas examined the effect of various grades of precipitated and ground calcium carbonate on the tensile strength and Charpy impact energy of extruded PVC profiles [81,82]. The results confirmed that especially ultrafine precipitated calcium carbonate (UFPCC) can give rise to significant improvements in single notch impact strength.…”

Section: Inorganic Impact Modifierssupporting

confidence: 59%

Additional PVC Additives

Schiller¹

2015

PVC Additives

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The lubricants, often also inaccurately referred to as waxes, are another important class of PVC additives. They may not compare volume wise to, for example, the fillers but are certainly in a class of their own with regard to functionality. Stabilizers and lubricants are not only applied jointly by using a stabilizer-lubricant one-pack. On one hand, there is virtually no PVC process or application that does not need lubricants. On the other hand, many stabilizers such as metal soaps (see also the section on metal soaps next and in Section 1.4.2) also have, in addition to their stabilizing rheological properties.Lubricants influence the following: the overall processing window, in general as well as in important detail, the plastification, and subsequently also, the mechanical properties of the extrudate, the wall-slipping behavior, the metal release in general, the torque during extrusion, the pressures during extrusion, the melt temperature, the melt viscosity, the melt homogeneity, the melt elasticity, to some degree the dynamic stability, the surface quality of the extrudate, the gloss, 2 Additional PVC Additives the plate-out behavior (see also Chapter 3), the die swell, and by that also the final dimensions of the extrudate the take-off tension needed to pull the profile or pipe through the calibration, and by that, the shrinkage the welding behavior, the incorporation and dispersion of inorganic/nonmelting components, e.g., filler, the glass transition temperature [1, 2] and by that the VICAT softening point and ductility, the density of the final product, the transparency of the final product, the extrusion output, and last but not least, the price of the final product.From the number and the complexity of influences it can be rightly concluded that, similar to the so-called butterfly effect for the weather [3], changes in the lubricant balance can not only have the intended effects, but also an unlimited number of unintended side effects which often cannot be predicted.Like stabilizers, lubricants cannot be characterized by a single, generally applicable chemical formula. Too various are the functions of individual lubricants, mainly in production but sometimes also affecting the final product. Because of this, also the chemistry behind lubricants is just as diverse.The definition of the term waxes by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft (DGF, German Association for Fat Sciences), commonly encountered in the literature, was initially conceived for the historically most important application, care products [4]. Nevertheless, it can also be used in many areas of the plastics industry. Accordingly, many lubricants can also be characterized by the following properties. A substance is called a wax, when it: can be kneaded at 20°C, is of solid to brittle hardness, has a coarse to microcrystalline structure, is translucent to opaque but not glass-like, melts above 40°C without decomposition, has a low melt viscosity only a few degrees above the melting temperature, has a strongly temperature dependent...

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Section: Inorganic Impact Modifierssupporting

confidence: 59%

Additional PVC Additives

Schiller¹

2015

PVC Additives

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“…When the time of fusion is reduced, the melt state is reached more quickly, so the nano‐CaCO 3 particles have remained under high shear stress for a longer time, thus resulting in better dispersion of nanoparticles. Fernando and Thomas [24] showed that as the size of nano‐CaCO 3 was reduced, the time of fusion decreased. However, during fusion process, the grains of PVC are destroyed and converted into primary particle flow units, and at the time of fusion, some of these particles become submicron particles in the nanoscale range.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the addition of nano‐CaCo₃ at dry mixing or onset of fusion on the dispersion, torque, and mechanical properties of compounded PVC

Jazi

Esfahany

Bagheri

2012

Vinyl Additive Technology

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A Brabender torque rheometer equipped with an internal mixer was used to study the influence of compounding method on the properties of (rigid PVC)/(treated and untreated nano‐CaCO3) nanocomposites. Two different methods were studied for the addition of surface treated and untreated nano‐CaCO3 during the melt mixing of rigid PVC. Direct dry mixing of rigid PVC and nano‐CaCO3, and addition of nano‐CaCO3 at the onset of PVC fusion were investigated. Dispersion of treated and untreated nano‐CaCO3 was studied by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that using direct dry mixing improved the dispersion of nano‐CaCO3 in the PVC matrix by lowering the fusion time. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite samples such as impact strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break were improved by using this method. The addition of treated nano‐CaCO3 at the onset of fusion caused a simultaneous decrease in torque. Also, rigid PVC nanocomposites prepared with treated nano‐CaCO3 showed better mechanical properties than those of nanocomposites prepared with the untreated nano‐CaCO3. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 18:153–160, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…Various studies have investigated the effect of ultra‐fine PCC on impact properties of PVC [1–9]. Substantial improvements in impact strength have been reported depending on the PVC formulation and processing method used, as well as the PCC particle size and coating applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fernando and Thomas [2] have reported that when the mean particle size of calcium carbonate is reduced below 1 μm, then there is a significant increase in the notched impact strength of filled unplasticized PVC (PVC‐U) compounds, and the smaller the particle size the greater the effect. Increasing the mean particle size above 1 μm caused a reduction in notched impact strength compared with the unfilled control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of precipitated calcium carbonate as a processing aid and impact modifier in poly(vinyl chloride)

Fernando¹,

Thomas²

2012

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The effect of ultra-fine precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), with a primary particle size of 50nm, on the fusion behaviour and mechanical properties of Ca/Zn stabilized poly(vinyl chloride) PVC has been investigated. The optimum concentration of PCC was determined and, in addition, experimental design was used to examine possible synergies between PCC and two important additives in a PVC-U formulation: namely, the processing aid and impact modifier. Dry blends were extruded and tested by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), tensile testing and Charpy impact testing. The results confirm that ultra-fine PCC can give rise to large improvements in single notch impact strengths.Control values of 8 kJ/m -2 were increased to 79 kJ/m -2 through the addition of ultra-fine PCC. There was also found to be a significant increase in fusion levels but no effect on the tensile strength of the samples. It is concluded that PCC behaves as both a processing aid and impact modifier in PVC-U formulations, and the reasons for this are discussed.3

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Effect of precipitated calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract: were increased to 79 kJm -2 through the addition of ultra-fine pcc. The results have been interpreted in terms of the particle size, shape and coating of the calcium carbonate grades and the effect on the gelation characteristics of the PVC formulations.

Cited by 28 publications

References 11 publications

Additional PVC Additives

Additional PVC Additives

Investigation of the addition of nano‐CaCo₃ at dry mixing or onset of fusion on the dispersion, torque, and mechanical properties of compounded PVC

Investigation of precipitated calcium carbonate as a processing aid and impact modifier in poly(vinyl chloride)

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Effect of precipitated calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract: were increased to 79 kJm -2 through the addition of ultra-fine pcc. The results have been interpreted in terms of the particle size, shape and coating of the calcium carbonate grades and the effect on the gelation characteristics of the PVC formulations.

Cited by 28 publications

References 11 publications

Additional PVC Additives

Additional PVC Additives

Investigation of the addition of nano‐CaCo3 at dry mixing or onset of fusion on the dispersion, torque, and mechanical properties of compounded PVC

Investigation of precipitated calcium carbonate as a processing aid and impact modifier in poly(vinyl chloride)

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Product

Resources

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Investigation of the addition of nano‐CaCo₃ at dry mixing or onset of fusion on the dispersion, torque, and mechanical properties of compounded PVC