Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Schizophrenia Symptoms and Association With Gastrointestinal Functioning

Dickerson, Faith; Stallings, Cassie; Origoni, Andrea; Katsafanas, Emily; Savage, Christina; Schweinfurth, Lucy; Goga, Joshana; Khushalani, Sunil; Yolken, Robert H.

doi:10.4088/pcc.13m01579

Cited by 133 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In response to new information, practicing psychiatrists are beginning to complement traditional treatment approaches with probiotics, herbal medicines, omega-3 fatty acid preparations, b-vitamins and minerals [121]. Dickerson et al (2014) showed that probiotics given once per day improved GI symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia [122].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: Why the gut matters

Severance

2016

Eur. psychiatr.

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Genetic and environmental studies implicate immune pathologies in schizophrenia. The body's largest immune organ is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Historical associations of GI conditions with mental illnesses predate the introduction of antipsychotics. Current studies of antipsychoticnaïve patients support that gut dysfunction may be inherent to the schizophrenia disease process. Risk factors for schizophrenia (inflammation, food intolerances, Toxoplasma gondii exposure, cellular barrier defects) are part of biological pathways that intersect those operant in the gut. Central to GI function is a homeostatic microbial community that early reports show is disrupted in schizophrenia. Bioactive and toxic products derived from digestion and microbial dysbiosis activate adaptive and innate immunity. Complement C1q, a brain-active systemic immune component, interacts with gut-related schizophrenia risk factors in clinical and experimental animal models. With accumulating evidence supporting newly discovered gut-brain physiological pathways, treatments to ameliorate brain symptoms of schizophrenia should be supplemented with therapies to correct GI dysfunction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: Why the gut matters

Severance

2016

Eur. psychiatr.

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“…52 Many of the human studies looked at bowel function, and they did find reduced difficulties in bowel movement, IBS severity, and symptoms in patients. 54,56,58,60 Microbiota analysis helped to confirm that fecal microbiota were altered by probiotic intervention: Lactobacillus was increased and Clostridium decreased by L. plantarum, whereas Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were increased by L. casei Shirota. 51,60 More details are shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients with schizophrenia showed no change in PANSS score after treatment with L. rhamnosus for 14 weeks. 54 Patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed no change in anxiety levels, as assessed with the STAI after 8 weeks of L. casei. 55 Three studies conducted in IBS patients all looked into HADS scores before and after interventions, but found no effect of L. casei or fermented milk with L. paracasei and L. acidophilus.…”

Section: Psychiatric Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifteen studies tested healthy participants with respect to anxiety, depression, distress levels, mood state, and behavior problems. 39,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] The measurement tools included the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), the Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-r), the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Development Behavior Checklist (DBC), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-90), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Coping Checklist (CCL) (also used to counter the stress of daily life), and the questionnaire-based Profile of Mood State (POMS). Due to the different questionnaires, scales, and their combinations used in these studies, we only report here whether the probiotics treatment improved mental health/mood.…”

Section: Psychiatric Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Probiotics on Central Nervous System Functions in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review

Wang

Lee

Braun

et al. 2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

270

195

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To systematically review the effects of probiotics on central nervous system function in animals and humans, to summarize effective interventions (species of probiotic, dose, duration), and to analyze the possibility of translating preclinical studies. Literature searches were conducted in Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Only randomized controlled trials were included. In total, 38 studies were included: 25 in animals and 15 in humans (2 studies were conducted in both). Most studies used Bifidobacterium (eg, B. longum, B. breve, and B. infantis) and Lactobacillus (eg, L. helveticus, and L. rhamnosus), with doses between 10 9 and 10 10 colonyforming units for 2 weeks in animals and 4 weeks in humans. These probiotics showed efficacy in improving psychiatric disorderrelated behaviors including anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, and memory abilities, including spatial and non-spatial memory. Because many of the basic science studies showed some efficacy of probiotics on central nervous system function, this background may guide and promote further preclinical and clinical studies. Translating animal studies to human studies has obvious limitations but also suggests possibilities. Here, we provide several suggestions for the translation of animal studies. More experimental designs with both behavioral and neuroimaging measures in healthy volunteers and patients are needed in the future.

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“…126 However, a randomized clinical trial of a probiotic regimen containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains failed to show any significant change in the psychiatric outcome measures was observed. 127 Another area in which information is rapidly evolving is that of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In a study in rodent model, it was found that the composition of gut microbiota in animals with ASD-like behavior is significantly changed compared with control animals.…”

Section: Emerging Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Yarandi

Peterson

Treisman

et al. 2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

228

134

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Gut microbiome is an integral part of the Gut-Brain axis. It is becoming increasingly recognized that the presence of a healthy and diverse gut microbiota is important to normal cognitive and emotional processing. It was known that altered emotional state and chronic stress can change the composition of gut microbiome, but it is becoming more evident that interaction between gut microbiome and central nervous system is bidirectional. Alteration in the composition of the gut microbiome can potentially lead to increased intestinal permeability and impair the function of the intestinal barrier. Subsequently, neuro-active compounds and metabolites can gain access to the areas within the central nervous system that regulate cognition and emotional responses. Deregulated inflammatory response, promoted by harmful microbiota, can activate the vagal system and impact neuropsychological functions. Some bacteria can produce peptides or short chain fatty acids that can affect gene expression and inflammation within the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the role of gut microbiota in modulating neuropsychological functions of the central nervous system and exploring the potential underlying mechanisms.

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Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Schizophrenia Symptoms and Association With Gastrointestinal Functioning

Abstract: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01242371.

Cited by 133 publications

References 26 publications

Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: Why the gut matters

Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: Why the gut matters

Effect of Probiotics on Central Nervous System Functions in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

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