Effect of Propranolol on Circulatory Responses to Induction of Diazepam-Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia and to Endotracheal Intubation

A Comparative Study between Two Different Doses of Dexmedetomidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response to Laryngoscopy and Tracheal Intubation.

“…4,5 Various pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods have been tried to attenuate the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. The non-pharmacological methods like shorter duration of laryngoscopy, smooth and gentle intubation, whenever possible insertion of LMA in place of endotracheal intubation 5 inhalational anesthetic agent, 7 topical and IV lidocaine, 8,9 narcotic analgesics, 10 beta blockers, 11,12 calcium channel blockers, 13 vasodilators such as sodium nitroprusside, 14 nitroglycerin, 15 etc. but with variable results and side effects.…”

A Prospective Randomized Study of Comparison of Intravenous Fentanyl Vs Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for Attenuation of Cardiovascular Response during Laryngos copy and Tracheal Intubation in Adult Cardiac Surgery.

“…Hence there is a need of finding out the drugs which can meet both the requirements . [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Alpha-2 agonists have been used for attenuating the sympathetic response and among α-2 agonists both clonidine and dexmeditomidine appear to fulfill all the above criteria.…”

Pre - Medication With I.V. Lidocaine vs I.V. Clonidine in Attenuating the Presso R Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation

“…However, these changes may be fatal in patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease or intracranial hypertension 4 Intravenous anaesthetic induction agents alone do not adequately suppress the circulatory responses evolved by endotracheal intubation therefore various pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods were used to attenuate these changes. 5 The non -pharmacological methods like smooth & gentle intubation with a shorter duration of laryngoscopy, Insertion of LMA in place of endotracheal intubation & blocking Glossopharyngeal & superior laryngeal nerves pharmacological measures like use of volatile anaesthetics, 6 topical and intravenous lidocaine 7,8,9 opioids 10,11,12 vasodilators-SNP (Sodium nitroprusside), 13 NTG (Nitroglycerine), 14 Calcium channel blockers 15,16,17 and β-blocker 18,19,20 have been tried by various authors.…”