Effect of refrigeration storage of nemathophagous fungi embedded in sodium alginate pellets on predatory activity against asinine gastrointestinal nematodes

Individual and Combined Application of Nematophagous Fungi as Biological Control Agents against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Domestic Animals

“…Predatory and ovicidal NF fungi have been shown in extensive in vitro and in vivo tests to effectively reduce recurrent infections by GINs in domestic animals [26]. However, in order to further enhance nematicidal activity, current studies now employ new strategies with combined applications of multiple fungi or fungi and chemical controls to minimize recurring infections or to disrupt the whole life cycle of nematodes [27] (Figure 1). Until recently, individual agent application was the mainstream solution to controlling nematode populations, while combined applications were an auxiliary method, because the incompatibility and inefficiency of the latter could not be ignored.…”

“…On the other hand, numerous studies have incorporated fungi into a sodium alginate matrix and produced edible pellets, which helps fungi overcome undesirable factors to successfully pass through animal GTs and contributes to the long-term preservation of spores [27,99,103]. Dimethyl sulfoxide as a permeabilizer and mineral oil as an adjuvant assisted in an excellent penetration and adhesion of conidia to the nematode epidermis [109,110].…”

Association of the nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys musiformis and Monacrosporium sinense in vitro and in vivo for biological control of equine cyathostomins

“…Satisfactory results have been achieved with this formulation under both laboratory and field conditions. Fungi stored in pellets have been seen to remain viable for up to 60 months at 2-8 °C (Costa et al, 2019).…”

“…During the in vivo test, all groups reached their highest levels of larval predation at 60 h after administration of the treatment (G1 -83.0%; G2 -69.1%; G3 -69.7%). The predation rate varies according to the rate of fungal release in the feces and it is common for these formulations in sodium alginate to have their peak of predatory action at 60 h after oral administration (Costa et al, 2019;Rodrigues et al, 2020).…”

“…Nematophagous fungi are an example of success in reducing and controlling the free infectious forms (L3) of small and large equine strongyles that are present in pastures (Paz-Silva et al, 2011;Piccoli et al, 2015;Tavela et al, 2012). These organisms are present in Brazilian soil and perform predation by means of traps that capture the L3 forms of these strongyles (Castro et al, 2003;Costa et al, 2019).…”