“…These have been verified on a solid sample ( e.g. aluminum, aluminum alloy, steel, iron, slag, glass, silicon, soil, rock, gold, copper, brass, copper–zinc alloy, molybdenum–tungsten alloy, magnesium, germanium, titanium, inconel superalloys, nickel, tissue, and particles), 19,20,22,23,25–34,36,41–59 gas sample, 39 and liquid sample (water, molten metals, and molten salts) 60–65 by many researchers. For example, increasing the sample temperature results in a larger mass and volume of the laser ablation crater, stronger signal intensity and SNR, higher plasma temperature and electron density, and improved detection performance.…”