Effect of Sampling Size on the Determination of Accurate Pesticide Residue Levels in Japanese Agricultural Commodities

Fujita, Masahiro; Yajima, Tomonari; Iijima, Kazuaki; Satô, Kiyoshi

doi:10.1021/jf3001923

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The median residues in cabbage were 0.116 and 0.056 mg/kg for acetamiprid and cypermethrin, respectively, which were lower than their mean values described above. The skewed distribution of pesticide residues in cabbage was not observed for the other raw agricultural commodities, such as apples, broccolis, and sweet peppers. , The median residues in grapes were 1.33 and 1.86 mg/kg for acetamiprid and cypermethrin, respectively, which were the same as their mean values.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…The measured VFs of the above tested commodities ranged from 1.48 for cypermethrin in sweet peppers to 1.76 for cypermethrin in apples. These studies provided a valuable piece of information to estimate the variations in pesticide residues under normal Japanese agricultural practices . However, these results are not sufficient to clarify the influence of complex factors such as differences in crop species, plant cultivation methods, and physicochemical properties of the pesticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the Variability in the Levels of Pesticide Residue Observed in Japanese Cabbage and Grape Units

Fujita¹,

Yajima²,

Iijima³

et al. 2012

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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To estimate variations in pesticide residue levels in crops, the variability factors (VFs, the 97.5th percentile of the residue levels in the sample divided by the average residue levels in the lot) in residue levels of acetamiprid and cypermethrin applied to cabbage and grapes were investigated, respectively. The VFs in the residue levels of both pesticides in cabbage (2.00 and 2.39, respectively) were clearly higher than those in grapes (1.82 and 1.63, respectively). Although the residue levels of both pesticides in grapes showed a normal distribution, those values in cabbage were slightly skewed at lower residue levels. Individual residue levels in grapes had a good agreement between acetamiprid and cypermethrin. In contrast, the distribution of cypermethrin residue levels in cabbage was slightly skewed at higher residue levels as compared to that of acetamiprid. These results indicate that the difference in the relative distribution of the two pesticides between cabbage and grapes might be due to the influence of various factors such as differences in crop species, plant cultivation methods, and physicochemical properties of the pesticides.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Variability in the Levels of Pesticide Residue Observed in Japanese Cabbage and Grape Units

Fujita¹,

Yajima²,

Iijima³

et al. 2012

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Actually, studies involving pesticide application field trials have shown current practices to be acceptably precise (<25% RSD) if carried out according to common regulatory standards (e.g., EPA, OECD, FAO/WHO, Codex). − Similarly, sampling studies for regulatory monitoring have shown similarly good precision if enough replicate samples (≥6 from 8–12 lots) are taken, but this has been shown to depend significantly on analyte/commodity pairs. − Ambrus has recommended collecting 10–25 increments per sample, which has been shown to yield 16–25% uncertainty . For a typical field trial of fruit trees, this translates into collecting samples from at least half of the trees dispersed randomly within a given plot and compositing 24 fruits per sample .…”

Section: Current Sampling Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sampling and Sample Processing in Pesticide Residue Analysis

Lehotay

Cook

2015

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Proper sampling and sample processing in pesticide residue analysis of food and soil have always been essential to obtain accurate results, but the subject is becoming a greater concern as approximately 100 mg test portions are being analyzed with automated high-throughput analytical methods by agrochemical industry and contract laboratories. As global food trade and the importance of monitoring increase, the food industry and regulatory laboratories are also considering miniaturized high-throughput methods. In conjunction with a summary of the symposium "Residues in Food and Feed - Going from Macro to Micro: The Future of Sample Processing in Residue Analytical Methods" held at the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, this is an opportune time to review sampling theory and sample processing for pesticide residue analysis. If collected samples and test portions do not adequately represent the actual lot from which they came and provide meaningful results, then all costs, time, and efforts involved in implementing programs using sophisticated analytical instruments and techniques are wasted and can actually yield misleading results. This paper is designed to briefly review the often-neglected but crucial topic of sample collection and processing and put the issue into perspective for the future of pesticide residue analysis. It also emphasizes that analysts should demonstrate the validity of their sample processing approaches for the analytes/matrices of interest and encourages further studies on sampling and sample mass reduction to produce a test portion.

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“…There are a great variety of factors that are responsible for this variation of residues such as type of pesticide formulation, method of pesticides application, type of sprayers used, mode of cultivation, height and shape of plants, soil characteristics and soil dissipation factors, weather conditions, etc. Up until now, a number of field experiments have been conducted to estimate the residue variability in/on small (the individual unit weight < 25 g) and medium size (individual unit weight > 25–250 g) fruit crops, 4‐15 while only a few field experiments have been conducted so far on large size (individual unit weight > 250 g) fruit crops 6,12 . Therefore, the estimation of VFs with the marketed samples of large, medium and small size fruit crops are very limited 9,16‐20 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues and their variability in large size fruit crops

et al. 2021

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BACKGROUND Variability of pesticide residues in food item plays a key role for the evaluation of consumer food safety. However, variability factors (VFs) derived from the large size fruit crops are still scarce. Therefore, the present work was aimed to quantify pesticide residues and to estimate VFs in large size fruit crops of mango and guava. RESULTS A total of 140 mango and 130 guava samples from different marketplaces in Bangladesh were collected to estimate the variability of pesticide residues (acephate, diazinon, malathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, dimethoate and cypermethrin) by in‐house validated methods based on modified QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (ECD) and flame thermionic detector (FTD). The method was validated at three fortification levels (0.01, 0.10 and 0.30 mg kg−1) and satisfactory recoveries (80–111%) with relative standard deviation (RSDr) ≤ 13% were achieved. A wide variation of residues was found in the analyzed samples. In the case of mango, the ranges of residues were 0.011–0.314, 0.015–0.04, and 0.05–0.291 mg kg−1, respectively, for cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and dimethoate, while in the case of guava, the ranges were 0.04–0.113, and 0.03–0.290 mg kg−1, respectively, for cypermethrin and acephate. The average VF for mango was 4.06 and it was 5.70 for guava. CONCLUSION VFs originating from the marketed samples of mango and guava are reported in this study for the first time. The estimated VFs were higher than the default value of 3, therefore, the default VFs should be reconsidered when more data are obtained regarding large size crops. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

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Effect of Sampling Size on the Determination of Accurate Pesticide Residue Levels in Japanese Agricultural Commodities

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Comparison of the Variability in the Levels of Pesticide Residue Observed in Japanese Cabbage and Grape Units

Comparison of the Variability in the Levels of Pesticide Residue Observed in Japanese Cabbage and Grape Units

Sampling and Sample Processing in Pesticide Residue Analysis

Determination of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues and their variability in large size fruit crops

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