Effect of secondary metabolites of Trichoderma spp. in inhibiting Phytophthora palmivora growth in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Abstract

Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by microorganisms or plants which are not directly involved to development and reproduction. The secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. are antibiotic compounds, enzymes, toxins, and hormones that inhibit the growth of plant pathogens. Phytophthora palmivora is a pathogen that causes black pod, leaf blight, and stem canker in cacao, which potentially reduce production up to 40%. This study was aimed to determine the inhibitory effect of Trichoderma spp. secondary metabolites against P. palmivora. Isolates of Trichoderma spp., i.e. T. virens LP1, T. hamatum LP2, T. amazonicum LP3, T. atroviride JB2, and T. viride PRD were cultured on vegetative and generative medium, then their secondary metabolites was extracted using butanol and ethyl acetate. Analysis of the extracts of secondary metabolite was performed using HPLC to determine their chromatogram profile. The secondary metabolites obtained were tested against P. palmivora using poisoned-medium method and cacao seedlings. In vitro inhibition activity, disease severity, and growth of cacao seedlings were observed. The results showed that extraction of the secondary metabolite using butanol produces more metabolites than those using ethyl acetate. Secondary metabolites of T. virens LP1 and T. amazonicum LP3, significantly inhibited P. palmivora growth up to 90.98%. In general, secondary metabolites of Trichoderma spp. can suppress P. palmivora infection (60.02%–70.00%) in cacao seedlings.

A newly isolated Trichoderma Parareesei N4-3 exhibiting a biocontrol potential for banana fusarium wilt by Hyperparasitism

“…Moreover, Trichoderma spp. could inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi by secreting antibiotics and volatile organic compounds ( Harni et al., 2020 ). Here, we also found that strain N4-3 exhibited a remarkable ability to inhibit the growth of Foc TR4 mycelia.…”

“…They can parasitize the hyphae of pathogenic fungi and produce cell wall-degrading enzymes, ultimately leading to the death of the pathogenic fungi. Additionally, Trichoderma can also inhibit the growth of plant pathogens by producing secondary metabolites and volatile organic compounds that have antagonistic activity ( Harni et al., 2020 ; Lv et al, 2023 ). For instance, the active metabolite gliotoxin, isolated from the culture broth of Trichoderma virens HZA14, was found to completely inhibit the growth of Phytophthora capici mycelium when added to PDA at a concentration of 5.0 μg/mL ( Tomah et al., 2020 ).…”

Effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. secondary metabolites formulation in controlling vascular streak dieback of cacao

“…Propagation technique of Trichoderma spp. secondary metabolite according to methods of [18] which used vegetative and fermentative media. The composition of vegetative media was glucose, potato, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, Urea, KCl, MgSO4, Thiamin HCl, MnSO4, ZnSO4, FeSO4, and distilled water.…”

“…Trichoderma suspension made from agar slanted (10 ml), plus 2 ml of sterile physiological NaCl solution. The cultures were then incubated at 28 °C using an orbital shaker (200 rpm; 48 hours) [18]. After the vegetative stage completed, a fermentative stage aimed to produce secondary metabolites of T. virens LP1 and T. amazonicum LP3 was performed.…”